Download File - World History

Warm-up
You have 4 minutes after the tardy bell to complete the
warm-up. Turn it in before the buzzer. We will then go over
it. Write the question & answer (all one word answers).
Questions
Answers
(1) Why did feudalism
(1) Because of invasions
develop?
(2) Fief
(2) What was the name of (3) Manorialism
the land given to
REMINDER: Missing work
vassals?
should be turned into 4th
(3) What is the economic
period bin TODAY in order to
system that developed
receive credit for progress
from feudalism?
report next week.
RISE OF EUROPEAN NATION-STATES
THE GROWTH OF MONARCHIES
England
• Invaded by Angles and Saxons in the 5th century
– The seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms remained
independent and separate for several centuries
• William the Conqueror and the Norman Invasion
– In 1066 the English king dies without an heir and two
men claim the throne
• Harold – an Anglo-Saxon nobleman
• William – Duke of Normandy and distant relative
to the king
• The English nobility name Harold as their new king
• William feels cheated and decides to take the
throne by force
– Oct. 14th, 1066 – William of Normandy lands with his
army on the shores of England
• Harold, who had just defeated an army of a Viking
leader who also wanted to be king of England,
marches south to fight William
• William defeats King Harold at the Battle of
Hastings and becomes the new king
–He is now known as William the Conqueror
– One of the first things William does as king was to
claim all the land in England as his
• He divided the land into fiefs and gave it to his
Norman knights as a reward
• These new nobles owed William their loyalty
– William and the Normans introduced French culture
into England
• French becomes the language of the nobility and
the court
• Only lower classes and peasants speak English
– Domesday Book – census taken on where people
lived, what they owned, and how much they could
afford to pay in taxes
• William used this to create a central tax system
• Henry II
– Enlarged the power of the monarchy and expanded
royal courts
– Body of common law replaced varying local codes
• Law common to the whole kingdom
• King John and the Magna Carta
– Many nobles started to fear that the kings would abuse
their powers and take away nobles’ rights
– King John was fighting a war, in which he lost almost all
of England’s French holdings, and needed money
• He placed a new tax on the nobility
• The nobles refused to pay and instead rebelled against
their king
• King John is defeated on the battlefield
– He is forced to sign the Magna Carta – “Great Charter”
• Gives rights to the nobles that the king can’t take away
and places limits on the king’s power
• King can no longer arrest and punish people without
following legal procedures
• Set forth ideas about limiting gov’t and executive
power
• Edward I
– Another rebellion by nobles in the 1260s led to the
foundation of a council that eventually developed into
Parliament
• it included nobles, clergy members, and
representatives from every county and town
• Had the power to create new taxes and advise the
king on lawmaking
– The Parliament had two houses
• House of Lords
• House of Commons
France
• In 843 the Treaty of Verdun had divided the Carolingian
Empire
– The west Frankish land formed the core of France
– However the kings after Charlemagne did not rule
much territory at all
• Mostly limited to the area around Paris and Orleans
– Most of France was in the hands of powerful nobles,
including the king of England
• These nobles owned more land and had more
power than the king and ruled as they pleased
• Philip II Augustus
– His rule was the turning point in the growth of the
French monarchy
– He took back French territories from war
– Increased the income and power of the French
monarchy
• Philip IV the Fair
– Began the first French parliament, the EstatesGeneral
– Meeting of the three estates (classes)
• First Estate = clergy
• Second Estate = nobles
• Third Estate = commoners
Holy Roman Empire
• This was the German area and had been the eastern
part of Charlemagne’s empire
– It was divided into numerous small states, ruled over
by dukes and princes
• Otto I – best known Saxon king
– Was crowned Emperor of the Romans for protecting
the pope
– The territories united under Otto became known as
the Holy Roman Empire
• Called holy because it had the pope’s support
• Called Roman because Charlemagne had held the
title Emperor of the Roman People when he ruled
that area
– The Holy Roman Emperors made decisions and
passed laws with the help of the dukes and princes
• These dukes and princes maintained full authority
in their own lands
– Starting in the 1100s, Holy Roman Emperors no
longer inherited their titles, but were elected
• Seven Electors had the right to elect the new
emperor
Map/Image
Spain
• Spain had been conquered by Muslims in the 700s
– Called Moors by the Christians
• These Christian states embarked on a series of campaigns
to retake their lands from the Muslims
– Called the Reconquista = reconquest
– It was led by the largest of the Christian kingdoms,
Castile
– These Christian kingdoms won victory after victory over
the Moors
– In the 1100s Portugal was able to completely free itself
– The last Muslim stronghold was defeated in 1492
with the defeat of Granada
• A major step in unifying Spain occurred with the
marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
in 1469
– They pursued a strict policy of conformity to
Catholicism
– 1492 – all professed Jews were expelled from Spain,
followed by the Muslims
– To be Spanish was to be Catholic
RUSSIA
• In the early 13th century the Mongols, led by Genghis
Khan, invaded Russia
– The Mongols left local princes in control, but require
them to pay tribute
– Russia was isolated from the rest of Europe due to
Mongol rule
• Russia was eventually freed from foreign domination in
1480