Download 21.2 THE EARLY COLD WAR YEARS

THE EARLY COLD WAR
YEARS
Chapter 21, Section 2
By Mr. Thomas Parsons
I. Containing Communism
George Kennan and the Long Telegram
A.
1.
The Americans become increasingly impatient
with the Soviets.
The State Department asked the American
Embassy in Moscow to explain Soviet behavior.
On February 22, 1946, George Kennan an
American diplomat, responded with the Long
2.
3.
Telegram.
4.
It was a 5, 540 word cable message explaining
his views of Soviet goals.
In the telegram
5.
a.
b.
Kennan discussed Russian insecurity and fear of
the West and why it was impossible to reach and
agreement.
He proposed a long-term containment of Russian
expansion.
B.
This led to Truman’s policy of
containment
1. Containment - keeping communism within
its present territory
2. Containment would involve diplomatic,
economic, and military actions.
C.
Iran and Oil
1. After WWII, Soviet troops
remained in northern
Iran, demanding access
to Iran’s oil supplies.
2. Soviet troops helped
Communists in northern
Iran set up a separate
government.
3. The United States
demanded their
withdrawal and sent a US
battleship into the
eastern Mediterranean.
4. The Soviets withdrew
from Iran.
D.
The Truman Doctrine.
1. On March 12, 1947, Truman went before congress to
request $400 million to fight Soviet aggression in
Greece and Turkey.
2. The Policy became known as the Truman Doctrine.
3. Its purpose was to stabilize the Greek government and
ease Soviet demands in Turkey.
4. It became the United State’s pledge to stop communism
in the world.
E. The Marshall Plan
1.
2.
3.
Postwar Western Europe
faced economic ruin and
people starving.
In June 1947, Secretary
of State George C.
Marshall proposed the
European Recovery
Program called the
Marshall Plan.
The Plan would give
European nations
American Aid to rebuild.
4. The Plan was an effort to
fight hunger, poverty, and
chaos.
5. The Soviet Union and its
satellite nations in Eastern
Europe rejected the offer
and developed their own
economic program.
6. The Marshall Plan gave
billions of dollars worth of
supplies, machinery, and
food to Western Europe
7. It lessened the appeal of
communism and opening
new trade markets.
II. The Berlin Crisis
A.
By early 1948, the
United States, Great
Britain, and France
merged their zones in
Germany and in
Berlin,
1.
2.
The allied part became
West Germany.
The Soviet zone
eventually became
known as East
Germany.
B. In June 1948, Soviet
troops stopped all road and
rail traffic to West Berlin
1. They hoped to force
Americans to renegotiate
Germany’s status or give up
Berlin.
2. In Response, Truman sent
long-range bombers with
atomic weapons to bases in
Britain.
3. Truman then ordered the
Berlin Airlift.
4. For eleven months, cargo
planes supplied Berliners
with food, medicine, and
coal.
5. Stalin finally lifted the
blockade on May 12.
C. The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), April 1949
1. Congress supported
American
participation in a
military alliance with
Western Europe.
2. NATO - a mutual
defense alliance, 12
nations originally
3. The members agreed
to come to the aid of
any member who was
attacked.
D. The Warsaw Pact.
1. The US and its allies allowed West Germany to join
NATO.
2. Soviet leaders responded with their own Eastern Europe
alliance known as the Warsaw Pact.
Members of Nato
and Warsaw Pact
III. The Cold War Spreads to
East Asia
A.
Chinese turns Red
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Communist forces and Nationalist forces had
been battling since the late 1920s.
The two had stopped their war during World
War II in and effort to resist Japanese
occupation.
With the end of World War II, civil war broke
out again.
The Nationalists were defeated after poor
leadership caused the US to stop sending aid.
In October 1949, Communists set up the
People’s Republic of China, led by Mao
Zedong.
B. First Soviet Nuclear
Test Announced, In
September, 1949.
C. China and USSR
signed a treaty of
friendship and
alliance, early 1950.
D. The United States was able to keep
Communist China out of the United Nations
1. The UN allowed Nationalists from Taiwan to
retain their seats.
2. The Soviets boycotted the UN.
E. Japan
1. The US lost China then adopted policies to
encourage the quick recovery of Japan’s
industrial economy.
2. The US saw Japan as its key in defending Asia.
IV. The Korean War
A.
Korea Splits
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
At the end of World War II, American and Soviet forces entered Korea to
disarm Japanese troops stationed there.
The Allies divided Korea at the 38th parallel of latitude.
Soviet troops controlled the north and set up a Communist government.
American troops controlled the south with an American-backed
government.
The Soviets gave military aid to the north
On June 25, 1950, North Korean troops invaded South Korea.
B. UN “Police Action”
1. Truman asked the UN to act against the
Communist invasion of South Korea.
2. Without the Soviets in the UN sent a force
led by American and South Korean Troops.
C. The Korean War
1. North Korean troops pushed
the South Korean and
Americans to the very tip of
South Korea.
2. US / S. Korean forces held
them off long enough to
allow MacArthur to perform a
daring invasion behind
enemy lines.
3. They were then able to push
the N. Koreans back all the
way to the very N. of Korea.
D. China Joins the War
1. The Communist Chinese government saw the UN troops as a
threat and demanded that they stop advancing.
2. After being ignored, China began a massive attack with
hundreds of thousands of Chinese troops heading across the
border
3. They drove UN forces back.
E. General MacArthur Fired
1. General MacArthur demanded approval
to expand the war against China.
2. Truman refused MacArthur’s demands.
3. MacArthur publicly criticizing the
president.
4. Truman fired MacArthur
5. Truman was committed to limited
war, a war fought to achieve a limited
objective such as containing
communism.
Old Soldiers Never Die...
F. By 1951 UN forces had pushed
Chinese and North Koreans back
across the 38th parallel. An
armistice was signed July 1953.
G. The Korean War was an
important turning point in the
Cold War.
1. Instead of just using political
pressure and economic aid to
contain communism, the United
States began a major military
buildup.
2. The Korean War expanded the Cold
War beyond Europe and into Asia.
Closing Assessment

1.) Explain the Containment Policy, its
purpose, and how did the US go about
enforcing it?
2.)What was the war in Korea about, and its
ultimate outcome?