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Old versus New Imperialism – “Old Imperialism”, European powers did not usually acquire territory (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations • Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers. – “New Imperialism” direct conquest and formal empire • Africa and Asia had seen limited Euro. intrusion and most contacts had been coastal in nature…entire continents now came under Euro. influence Pre-19c European Trade with Africa • In the mid-1800s before European domination African peoples were divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups. • Europeans had contact with sub-Saharan peoples, but large African armies kept Europeans out of Africa for 400 years. • European travel was hindered by difficult rivers and African diseases like malaria. • Nations Compete for Overseas Empires – Europeans who did penetrate the interior of Africa were explorers, missionaries, or humanitarians who opposed the slave trade. – Travel books, newspapers, and magazines encouraged interest in Africa Industrial Revolution Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Source for Raw Materials European Motives For New Imperialism Military & Naval Bases Social Darwinism Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Humanitarian Reasons (Missionary, Scientific) Soc. & Eco. Opportunities: Excitement & Adventure Excitement and Dangers of Exploration Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Sir Henry Morton Stanley Dr. David Livingstone CECIL RHODES (1853-1902) • British businessman, politician in southern Africa •fortune from African diamond mines •Est. South African Company (Land later became Rhodesia/Zimbabwe) •Prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-1896) –Wanted Brit. control over South Africa –Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad •Architect Brit. Imperialism southern Africa The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town to Cairo New Technologies • Advances in technology gave Europeans huge military advantage • Steam-powered gunboats could attack even inland targets • Repeating rifles, machine guns, exploding shells made European armies more lethal than ever • Communication with ocean steamships, cables • Asian, African weapon makers could not match technologies Weakening Empire • Great empires of Asia, Africa weakening; Europeans took advantage • India’s Mughal Empire took deep decline after 1707 • Ottoman Empire lost strength, had weak grasp on North African provinces throughout 1700s • China’s Qing dynasty faced rebellions; by late 1700s European armies faced limited resistance as they claimed new territories Economic Interests Raw Materials Entrepreneurial Colonization • Before early 1800s, several European nations profited from slave trade in Africa • To gather, export natural resources, European entrepreneurs developed own mines, plantations, trade routes • After some nations passed laws abolishing slave trade, Europeans looked to Africa as source for raw materials • Entrepreneurs sometimes called on home countries to protect economic interests from European competitors • Materials like coal, metals needed to manufacture goods during Industrial Revolution (rubber, tin, copper, oil) • Needs fueled Europeans’ desire for land with natural resources—available in Africa • In this way, drive for colonization came from ambitious individuals, not just European governments • European countries not invest primarily in colonies -10% French -5% Germans • Trade followed the same pattern -25% of British -11% French -4% Germans • Utilize profits from Industrial Revolution • European countries greatest business volume with each other • Economic motivations: revived mercantilism Natural Resources • Angola: cotton, palm oil, coffee, and sugar for fabrics, soap, candles, food products, and food processing • Congo Free State: rubber, palm oil and ivory for waterproof clothes, tires, electrical insulation, soap, candles, some food products, handles, piano keys, and billiard balls • French West Africa: gum, palm oil, cotton, peanuts, bananas, coffee, and cocoa for cosmetics, drugs, food products, soap, candles, some food products, fabrics, and food processing • Rhodesia: copper, zinc, lead, and coal for coins, metal alloys, electrical wiring, rust protection, ammunition, and fuel • South Africa: gold and diamonds for banking, national currencies, jewelry, industrial cutting tools • Tanganyika: sisal, coffee, rubber and cotton for rope, twine, food preserving, waterproof clothes, tires, electrical insulation, and fabrics Increased Trade • soap from African palm, tea, coffee, and cocoa, bananas, oranges, melons, and other exotic fruits made their way to European markets • tools, weapons, and clothing flowed out of the factories and back to the colonies Political Competition • Imperialism in Africa reflected struggles for power in Europe, such as long-term rivalry between France, Britain • France expanded control over West, Central Africa; Britain began to expand colonial empire to block French • Need more naval bases Nationalism a Factor • Rise of Germany, Italy as powers contributed to the new imperialism • Both nations jumped into race for colonization to assert status • Nationalism also contributed to rise of new imperialism • European leaders believed controlling colonies would gain them more respect from other leaders Cultural Motives Rule Justified •European imperialists felt superior to non-Europeans •some Europeans believed rule in Africa justified •argue humanity divided into distinct peoples, races •teaching Africans good government •claimed biological differences between races •Racist view—people of European descent superior to people of African, Asian descent •imperialists believed actions noble, their duty to educate those considered inferior •referred to their influence in Africa as “the white man’s burden,” after poem by Rudyard Kipling Social Darwinism • apply Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection to struggle between nations, races • believed “fit” nations came to rule over “less fit” nations, often showed discrimination against citizens of ruled nations