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The United States looks Overseas Chapter 20 Eyes on the Pacific For 250 years, Japan was closed to outside trade In 1853, Commodore Matthew C. Perry, sailed into Tokyo Bay and presented the Japanese with a letter from the President for trading rights. This treaty was approved The Japanese were in awe of the powerful ships and guns. This caused Japan to change from a feudal society to an industrial nation. Eyes on the Pacific In 1867, Russia sold Alaska to the United States. • • • Twice the size of Texas Purchased for $7.2 million, 2 cents an acre Gold was found in later years Eyes on the Pacific The Expansionist Mood • The United States was generally Isolationist. Many European countries had become imperialists. Americans debated over manifest destiny that expanded overseas The Turner ThesisFrederick Jackson Turner claimed that the western frontier had defined American history • Overseas expansion was the new frontier Eyes on the Pacific The US had a strong industrial economy. • It was argued that for strong trade, they would need a strong navy Spreading AngloSaxon race. Thought that they were superior to other nations Eyes on the Pacific • Gaining footholds in the Pacific US were interested in Samoa in the South Pacific. They wanted to set up Coaling stations Britain and Germany were also interested. • . Eventually the US and Germany divided the islands Eyes on the Pacific Hawaii could serve as a ‘military and commercial outpost in the Pacific” • Queen Liliuokalani did not want foreign influence in Hawaii In 1898, William McKinley decided to annex Hawaii. • He supported a treaty Eyes on the Pacific • Carving up China In the Late 1800’s china just finished an unsuccessful war. Europe and Japan split China into Spheres of Influence Open Door PolicyWanted other countries to guarantee the rights of all nations to trade with china on an Equal basis. • Claimed this to be a success Eyes on the Pacific Boxer Rebellion • • • • • Secret societyRighteous and Harmonious Fists. Began a rebellion to expel the foreigners. Backed by the Chinese Gov’t. Attacked and killed westerners and Chinese Christians Outside powers sent troops with modern weapons, freed the trapped foreigners, crushed the rebellion, looted the capital and killed thousands of Chinese. A second Open Door policy was issued. Repeated open trade The Spanish American War • War Clouds Loom Cuba had been under Spanish rule since 1492. They were becoming more discontent with Spain’s harsh rule. In 1868, the Cubans began an uprising. When the Cubans rose up, the Spanish had begun reconcentration. • Jose Marti urged the US to help the rebels. The Spanish American War Americans were sympathetic to the Cuban Rebels • Many wanted the US government to intervene to oust the Spanish • Many wanted to intervene for economic reasons President William McKinley tried to maintain neutrality. New York World & New York Journal used yellow journalism for stories and headlines. The Spanish American War “Remember the Maine” • • • When fighting broke out in Havana, Cuba, President McKinley ordered the Battleship Maine to protect American lives and property. On February 15, 1898 a great explosion sank this ship and killed 260 men. The press and public blamed the Spanish The Spanish American War • The United States Goes to War President McKinley gave into public pressure and asked Congress to declare war on Spain, they approved The first battle was fought in Manila Bay in the Philippines. • Theodore Roosevelt, Secretary of the Navy, wanted to expand the US Navy. • Ordered Commodore George Dewey moved his ships and sank the entire Spanish squadron The Spanish American War Dewey enlisted Emilio Aguinaldo to help him seize Manila from the Spanish. • The fighting in Cuba took place around Santiago and at sea. • The United States had gained control of the Philippine Islands The Rough Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt, helped to lead his men to success The Spanish surrendered Cuba, and then the US invaded Puerto Rico, another Spanish possession and took control The Spanish American War • An American Empire Dec of 1898, Spain and US signed a peace treaty. • • • Gave the US Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and Wake, US paid $20 million to Spain Many people disagreed with the colonies Expansionists welcomed the treaty. The Senate ratified the treaty in 1899. The Spanish American War The US forced Cuba to limit their power to make treaties or borrow money, US could intervene in Cuban affairs, allow the US to keep a naval base • • The Foraker Act set up government in Puerto Rico. • Not truly free. Cuba was a protectorate Gave them LIMITED self rule The Philippines wanted to become independent from the US. • They fought a 3 year war. When Aguinaldo was captured, fighting ended Would not get independence until 1946. The United States and Latin America • Linking the Oceans The trip around the tip of South America took more then 2 months A shorter route to link the Atlantic and Pacific oceans was needed The Isthmus of Panama is 50 miles wide. • President Theodore Roosevelt offered Colombia $10 million in cash and $250,000 yearly rent to build a canal through Panama The United States and Latin America Columbians thought they deserved more money, they held out for more money • • • The Panamanians charged a revolt against the Colombians Gunboat Diplomacy US signed a treaty with the independent Republic of Panama for the permanent use the canal. The United States and Latin America • The Panama Canal The greatest obstacle of building the canal was Malaria and Yellow Fever • • People thought that these diseases came from damp night air Two doctors discovered that Yellow Fever and Malaria were transmitted from certain kinds of mosquitoes. The solution was to clear the brush and drain the swamps, nearly wiped out the diseases. The United States and Latin America There were 3 tasks to build the dam • • • Cut through a mountain Dam a river Install the canal’s giant locks The hardest part was digging the Gaillard Cut, a 9 mile ditch through the mountains. • • They worked trough the tropical sun and heat or in drenching rainstorms There were mudslides The United States and Latin America • Wielding a “Big Stick” in Latin America “Speak softly and carry a big stick, you will go far.” The United States wanted to be the leader of the Western Hemisphere Theodore Roosevelt wrote the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. • The right to use force to prevent intervention in Latin America The United States and Latin America William Howard Taft favored “Dollar Diplomacy” • • Led to as many military interventions as “Big Stick” U.S. sent Marines into countries to protect investments Latin American countries resented the interference The United States and Latin America • Relations with Mexico Woodrow Wilson believed foreign policy should aim to support and nurture democracy throughout the world. Used “Watchful Waiting” • • • U.S. soldiers were arrested, set free and apologized to. U.S. sent the Navy to the port 100+ Mexicans died, U.S. and Mexico were close to war The United States and Latin America Pancho Villa and his rebels crossed into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans • • Mexico reluctantly worked with the U.S. to pursue Pancho Villa The U.S. withdrew without Villa after 11 months