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MED TERM
Lecture 3, Chapter 2
A short review
Step by step guide to understanding medical terms
Step 1: Divide the term into its word parts (
prefix, suffix, word root, and combining vowel(s))
Step 2: Define each word part
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Singular and plural endings
Our good friends, the languages of Latin and Greek, chime in at this point.
Here is when we use the rules of these languages to form the plural form of
medical terms. It is best to learn these through practice, once you become
familiar with them, words will ‘sound correct’ to you.
For example:
Singular
vertebra
nucleus
neuron
Plural
vertebrae (not vertebras)
nuclei
neurons (hey, that’s just like English!)
You will have to learn these terms as you encounter them, because there
is no one uniform rule that applies to all terms. These terms were
developed before standardization was common. Some times you will see
the common English plural form of a word (such as virus -> viruses),
sometimes you will see the Latin or Greek endings (vertex -> vertices)
Please review the singular and plural endings on page 9 of your text book.
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Abbreviations
• Not standardized! You must use the
abbreviations that are common to your place of
work and practice.
• Example: MS could stand for multiple sclerosis
(a nervous disorder) or meningitis (an
inflammation of the protective layers of the
brain).
• Become familiar with these abbreviations at your
own place of work, as they will be fundamental
to interpreting records and analyzing results.
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Medical Records
Here is where all of the information comes
together in a concise and documented form.
The medical record will typically cover a patients
history, and include notes by various medical
professionals – from medical assistants, to doctors,
nurses, and anyone else who has interacted with the
patient.
Again, you must become familiar with the style and
format of medical records in your place of work. Every
style is unique, but the more documentation, the better
communication between medical professionals and the
better care a patient will receive. For this reason, the
importance of proper medical records cannot be
understated!
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Health care settings and patient
confidentiality
No matter where you work, patient
confidentiality is protected by law and is
considered to have privileged access.
Medical records are legal documents, and
are signed and dated when entries are
made.
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Chapter 2: Body Organization
Anatomy and physiology finally meet
medical terminology.
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Levels of Body Organization:
– Body
– Systems
– Organs
– Tissues
– Cells
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The body is a collection of systems
containing organs (often combined into
one phrase: “organ systems”) which are
composed of tissues which are made up
of collections of cells.
• Pneumonic device:
• Bankers Steal Or Take Cash
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Starting from the lowest order and working our
way all the way up to the body as a whole, will
examine each of these functional units. This will
also get us started applying some of out medical
terminology arsenal.
Just remember, higher-order (more complex)
structures are built out of lower-order (less
complex structures).
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Cells
The study of cells, the fundamental unit of all
life, is called cytology.
Human cells are eukaryotic (from the greek
terms eu meaning proper or correct, and karyon
meaning nut or capsule). This simply means
they contain a cell nucleus, a distinct region
within a cell in which important biological
functions are performed.
All eukaryotic cells (essentially plant and animal
cells), also contain cytoplasm (fluid within a
cell) and are surrounded by at minimum a single
cell membrane (outer layer) .
Source: mcld.co.uk
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Tissues
We will study 4 main types of tissue.
1. Muscle
2. Epithelial
3. Connective
4. Nervous
•
It’s not our goal to examine each of these in
minute detail (don’t want to steal too much
thunder from Anatomy and Physiology
classes).
Refer to pages 22 – 24 for more complete descriptions of these tissues
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1.
Muscle tissue: Types include
cardiac (the hear), skeletal (what
you use to move about), and
smooth (primarily found in the
digestive system).
•
Muscle fibers are individual units,
cells capable of responding to and
generating chemo-electrical
signals (electrical signals from
chemical reactions).
Source: musclehelp.com
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2. Epithelial tissue:
• This tissue is found all throughout the body.
Epithelial tissue is usually found on the top
layers or inside covering of an organ. For
example, the inside cells of your cheeks are
epithelial cells, as are the cells lining the
stomach.
Human cheek cells
source: fife education
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3. Connective Tissue: Types include bone,
tendons/ligaments, and adipose (fat
storing cells). These tissues hold the
body together and give it it’s structure.
Q: Name another type of common
connective tissue that is donated.
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• A: Blood
• Blood is actually a type of connective
tissue – it is composed of many types of
individual cells and regulates a great deal
of the body’s structure and function.
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4. Nervous tissue: Conducts electrical impulses
and is the body’s information super highway.
• Nervous tissue is composed of cells called
neurons. This is a tissue that forms all of the
nerves, as well as the brain and spinal cord.
Dorsal root ganglion
Source: GPLed images
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Organs and Systems
Tissues are arranged into organs, and these
organs are arranged into systems of organs.
There are 11 major organ systems we will discuss.
Note:
These have been designated based on
terminology, these systems are not perfectly
isolated in any way.
Refer to pages 25 – 29 for more complete descriptions of these systems
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Assignment
• Read Chapter 2 – Body Organization
• Complete the review at the end of the
chapter to prepare for the next quiz (do not turn in)
•Optional but highly suggested
Complete the exercises for your textbook at:
http://www.prenhall.com/fremgen
•Course Website:
http://acummins.wordpress.com
LABOR OMNIA VINCIT
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Questions
?