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Chapter 3
England Discovers Its Colonies:
Empire, Liberty, and Expansion
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The Spectrum of Settlement
 Sex ratio closer to equal in the Chesapeake than
in the sugar islands
 Life expectancy longer in the Chesapeake than
in the sugar islands
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New England was one of the healthiest places on earth
Sex ratio approached equality
Early marriages and large families
 Demographics
 Caribbean and Southern colonies dominated by
younger men
 New England dominated by grandfathers
 West Indies had slave majority by 1700
The Beginnings of Empire
 Dutch seized control of trade in and out of
English West Indies and Chesapeake colonies
 Only Virginia had royal governor
 Indian Wars almost destroyed New England, New
Netherland, and Maryland in mid-1640s
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Openchancanough
Miantonomo
Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and
New Haven founded the New England
Confederation in 1643 as defensive alliance
Mercantilism as a Moral Revolution
 Power derived from a nation’s wealth
 Colonies were necessary for economic growth
 Nations had to control the commerce of their
colonies
 First Navigation Act, 1651
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Balance of trade
Rules governing which goods could enter English ports
and on which ships
Rules governing nationality of captain and crew of ships
Generated opposition in the colonies
Mercantilism
(cont’d)
 Navigation Act of 1660
 All colonial trade had to be carried out on English ships
 New rules on nationality of captain and crew of ships
 Enumerated commodities that could be shipped from
the colony of origin only to England or another English
colony
 Staple Act of 1663
 Regulated goods going to colonies
 Plantation Duty Act of 1673
 Navigation Acts were tremendously successful
at displacing the Dutch and establishing English
hegemony over the Atlantic trade
Indian, Settlers, Upheaval
 Effects of European diseases
 Mourning wars and tribal adoptions
 Algonquians
 Integration of European materials and products
into Indian life
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Iroquois League
Chain of Peace
 Missionary efforts
 Powwow
 Most pronounced in New England
Metacom’s War
 Began with simple confrontation in Puritan
frontier town of Swansea before becoming an allout war
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Pitted Massachusetts and Connecticut against
Wampanoags and Narragansetts
 Indians had firearms and fought fiercely
 Colonists attacked even the settlements of Christian
Indians
 Colonists eventually won, but only with help of
Mohawks and Mohegans
 Metacom killed; hundreds of his supporters sold
into West Indian slavery
Virginia’s Indian War
 Indian War, 1675
 Began as minor conflict with Doegs; came to involve
Sisquehannocks as well
 Colonial government unable to quickly settle the conflict
 Governor William Berkeley favored defense
 Colonists wanted to attack
 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
 Stemmed from frontier dissatisfaction with lack of
government action
 Crushed by colonial government, but only at high cost
 Revealed difficulty of managing the frontier
Crisis in England and the
Redefinition of Empire
 Lords of Trade established in 1675
 To enforce the Navigation Acts and administer the
colonies
 Whigs and Tories
 West Indies first to feel greater English control
 Crown controlled governors and upper legislature
houses
 Precedents established there applied elsewhere
Glorious Revolution
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James II replaced by William and Mary
Upheavals in Maryland, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Plymouth, Rhode Island,
Connecticut, New York, and both Jerseys
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No self-government
Religious toleration imposed on the Puritans
Undermined by Glorious Revolution in
England
Abolished in 1691 with new colonial charters
that guaranteed representative government
Salem Witch trials
 Spring and Summer of 1692
 Eventually involved accusations against 150
individuals
 Almost two dozen executed, all of whom
professed their innocence
 Of the 50 who confessed to witchcraft, none were
executed
 Ended only when governor’s wife was accused of
witchcraft
Completion of the Empire
 Royal government became the norm
 Navigation Act, 1696
 Plugged loopholes in early laws
 Extended to America the English system of vice admiralty
courts
 Board of Trade established, 1696
 Powers almost wholly advisory
 Act of Union, 1707 united England and Scotland
 Implications for trade with the American colonies
 Created system of imperial federalism that existed
until American Revolution
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Funded national debt
Contrasting Empires: Spain and
France in North America
 Pueblo Revolt was the greatest challenge to
Spanish position in North America
 Drought and famine prompted Pueblos to return
to traditional worship in 1675
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Pope
 Full-scale revolt in 1680
 400 of the 23,000 Spaniards in New Mexico killed
 Destroyed every Spanish building in the province
 Fighting continued until 1693, with heavy losses
for the Pueblos
New France and the Middle Ground
 French hoped to erect a friendly Algonquian shield
against the Iroquois
 South Algonquian supplied firearms, brandy, and
other European goods
 Iroquois negotiated a peace treaty in 1701
 Success with Indians rested on intelligent
negotiation, not force
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Onontio
 French established Fort near Mobile to trade with
Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Creeks
An Empire of Settlement: The British
Colonies
 Abandoned rigid inheritance and familial patterns
of England
 Adhered to patriarchal family and society
structure
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Primogeniture
 Households interdependent within society,
though each strove for self-sufficiency
 Householders exerted independence in larger
political society
 Independence influenced military affairs as few
felt compelled to serve unless it was in their own
interests
Three Warring Empires, 1689–1716
 Treaty of Utrecht
 French and Spanish empires fighting mainly to
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survive
New Englanders calling repeatedly for conquest
of New France
King William’s War (1680–1697)
Queen Anne’s War (1702–1713)
English settlement halted in New England and the
Carolinas
Westward thrust strong in Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and Virginia
Discussion Questions
 What is mercantilism? What was its role in
Britain’s dominance over the New World?
 Discuss the part Indians played in the early
colonies. What caused relations to deteriorate so
quickly?
 What is the significance of Bacon’s Rebellion?
How does it signify a greater problem in the
relations of the classes in America?
 Describe the causes and results of the Salem
Witch Trials. What does it tell us of the roles of
women and religion in the colonies?