Download 05 The British Empire in North America

AP/IB American History
Mr. Blackmon
Colonial Period Number 3
The Theory and Practice of Empire
I.
II.
Theory of Mercantilism
A.
Term coined by Adam Smith, who attacked it, and advocated free trade/ laissez
faire (cf Wealth of Nations, 1776)
B.
Chief features
1.
State directs all economic activities within its borders
a.
Private gain subordinated (at least theoretically) to public good
2.
Government seeks to increase national wealth
a.
discouraging imports
b.
encouraging exports
3.
Reserves of gold or silver the barometer of national wealth
a.
favorable balance of trade
b.
in effect, a nation should import gold
C.
Values of Colonies
1.
England wanted a market
a.
for woolen cloth
b.
manufactures
c.
a source for raw materials not produced at home
2.
Colonies wanted
a.
a ready market for raw materials
b.
cheap manufactured goods
c.
protection from rapacious neighbors
D.
Direction of the economy
1.
Some products encouraged, others discouraged
2.
Attempt to direct, not stunt, economic growth
E.
Navigation Acts fundamental to the nurture of commerce
F.
Compatibility of interests
1.
Control is necessary to block Dutch, Spanish, or French
2.
Supervision and controls developed slowly due to political distraction at
home
The Navigation Acts
A.
Acts applied throughout the empire, not just North America
B.
Foreign vessels barred from English colonies (1650)
1.
Aimed at Dutch
C.
Forbade exportation of goods to England except on English ships (1651)
D.
First of three trade wars with the Dutch, who the principal target of early
Navigation Acts is 1652
1.
Note: Mercantilism, which is accepted throughout Europe, logically leads
to wars
E.
Navigation Act of 1660: reserved all trade to and from the colonies and England
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The Theory and Practice of Empire
III.
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to English built and manned (3/4s) ships
1.
Created a list of "enumerated goods" which can be transported only to
England or to another colony
2.
Enumerated list
a.
sugar (1660)
b.
cotton (1660)
c.
indigo (1660)
d.
dyewoods (1660)
e.
ginger (1660)
f.
tobacco (1660)
g.
rice (1704)
h.
naval stores (1705)
i.
copper (1721)
j.
furs (1721)
3.
Products enter England through designated area: entrepot system
F.
Navigation Act of 1663
1.
forbade transportation to colonies of European or Asiatic goods except via
England first (through the entrepot)
2.
English middlemen take a cut in both directions
G.
Restrictions on manufacturing
1.
Wool Act 1699 forbade export of textiles (but not manufacture for local
sale)
a.
little effect on North America, but destroyed the economy of
northern Ireland and leads to exodus of Scotch Irish immigrants to
the New World
2.
Hat Act 1732 forbade export of hats
3.
Iron Act 1750 encouraged colonial export of iron but forbade new iron
mills
4.
Modern studies tend to show that the effect of these acts on the overall
economy was negligible
H.
Grand design: an imperial unit--England specializes in manufacturing and the
colonies in raw materials
1.
Most valuable colonies were West Indies with sugar
2.
Next most valuable colonies were south of the Chesapeake with tropical
and semi-tropical products that England did not produce herself
3.
Least valuable colonies were in New England
The Effects of Mercantilism
A.
England was the colonies' chief trading partner
1.
would have been anyway
B.
Chronic shortage of specie
1.
in effect, England was investing capital in America
2.
difficulties with currency flow, and tendency for hard currency to flow
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C.
D.
E.
F.
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toward England.
Non-enumerated goods flowed directly to foreign ports
1.
direct trade in grain and fish with West Indies
2.
the New England (rum) / Africa (slaves) / West Indies (molasses)
Triangular Trade route never touched by regulation
3.
There is one caveat to the above statement. The Molasses Act (1733),
which attempted to protect West Indian sugar planters by placing a very
heavy 6 p./gallon tax on foreign (ie. French) molasses. The colonists
wanted French molasses for two reasons: the British planters could not
begin to supply the demand and French molasses was a lot cheaper. The
colonists converted molasses into rum--a lot of rum (4,000,000 gallons in
1771, of which some went into the African trade, 234,000 gallons, some
into trade with the Indians (I don't have a figure, but it seems to have been
a lot), and the rest consumed domestically.
a.
Rum was such a large part of the colonial economy (at least the
economy that generated economic surpluses, like money, as
opposed to subsistence farming) that the Molasses Act was
potentially a real problem. The colonists avoided that by bribery.
The standard bribe was ½ to 1 pence / gallon (instead of the 6
pence duty). (Morgan 42) When John Robinson arrived in Rhode
Island in 1765 to take up his post of Customs Collector, the
merchants of Newport offered him a salary of £70,000 (colonial)
per year in exchange for looking the other way.
Some industries flourished
1.
Shipbuilding
2.
Naval stores
Pro-British bias
1.
When conflicts did arise between mother country and the colony, the
mother country always prevailed
2.
Re-export trade by 1700 was 30% of all England's exports
3.
complementary interests reduced conflicts
4.
As American economy became more complex, the colonies' growth would
have been more seriously affected
British inefficiency
1.
English government colossally corrupt and inefficient
2.
Smuggling became a respected profession (cf John Hancock)
3.
Bribery of customs officials became commonplace
a.
duty on French molasses rarely collected
4.
Continuous prosperity from 1650; colonies possessed the highest average
material standard of living in the world in 1775
5.
England benefitted as well from colonial prosperity
6.
"salutary neglect": Sir Robert Walpole
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7.
IV.
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American economy, up to at least 1763, developed as it would have
without the Navigation Acts
8.
Robert Paul Thomas (cf Grob and Billias) has computed the cost of the
mercantile system and the new regulations for Americans as .5% of per
capita income from 1763-1772
a.
Such a figure, even if underestimated by 100% make the thesis that
the American Revolution was caused by economic restrictions
virtually untenable.
Imperial Government and Control
A.
English common, representative assemblies, private property, and local
administration present in all colonies
B.
Initiative in local matters gives to colonies with veto in London
C.
Governor
1.
usually appointed by King or proprietor
2.
powers to execute laws, appoint officials, summon assemblies, and
propose legislation
3.
financially dependent upon the assemblies
D.
Assembly
1.
bicameral, except Penn
2.
lower house, elected with general legislative powers included power of
the purse
3.
upper house was appointed by the king (except Mass.) and functioned as
advisers; usually chosen from local leaders
E.
Judges appointed by the king
1.
usually chosen from local leaders
F.
Dominance of the Assembly
1.
financial power and public sentiment very important in this respect
2.
Legislators were pragmatists, ignoring any political theory while pursuing
their interests
3.
gained power by slow accretion
4.
governors had little patronage to offer against assemblies, and what little
they had tended to be taken away by the king (so he could use the
patronage)
5.
Judges hampered since juries had the final say
a.
cf Zenger case 1735 cf Degler pp. 70-72
G.
King's Privy Council
1.
responsible of establishing colonial policy
2.
treated each case judicially and on an ad hoc basis
H.
English administration decentralized
1.
no central committee
I.
Proprietary to Royal trend
1.
policy to make colonies royal by late 17th cent.
AP/IB American History
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J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
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Lords of Trade with great influence
Dominion of New England
1.
apparently planned same for South
new Board of Trade 1696
1.
nominated governor
2.
reviewed colonial laws and vetoed some (about 5%) ie. veto power
exercised with restraint
3.
Board acted as an intermediary for colonies
Failure of the British to establish a centralized government helps explain our
federal government, with states having wide and independent powers.
Dominion of New England: A failed attempt at centralization
1.
A long complicated struggle with Charles I, chiefly over New England
smuggling and refusal to enforce the Navigation Acts, and a refusal to
conform New England laws to English laws
2.
Recommendation in 1664 to annul Massachusetts charter
3.
Charles tries to prove Massachusetts had violated its charter (a long legal
process)
4.
Mass. used every trick to delay (they had, in fact, violated the charter, and
were very stubborn)
5.
Charles finally revokes charter in 1684
6.
combines New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Plymouth,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine into Dominion of New
England
7.
No assembly granted this new political entity!
a.
Remember that James II hated Parliament and all representative
assemblies, and had only allowed one in New York very
grudgingly.
8.
Royal governor: Sir Edmund Andros
a.
misjudged the Puritans! (to say the least!)
b.
levied taxes without consent, and informed protesters they had
no rights
c.
invalidated all land titles (so he could sell them again and impose
quitrents)
d.
enforced Navigation Acts
e.
asked to revoke long-held rights and privileges without an army or
police, and to rule arbitrarily a people who ruled themselves for 50
years.
f.
His rule would have led to rebellion in 1688 had James II not been
deposed.
9.
Glorious Revolution of 1688\: deposed James, and Andros kicked out
a.
Massachusetts finally becomes a royal colony in 1691
b.
Plymouth, Rhode Island, Connecticut resumed old government
AP/IB American History
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10.
V.
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The failure of this attempt at centralized control is rather significant. By
1765, it is too late to impose central authority.
a.
James' successors, William and Mary, not only owed the throne to
Parliament (and therefore were unlikely to challenge the right of
representation) but were also concerned first with consolidation of
their position and then with a series of wars, mostly with France
and partly over the deposition of James, which effectively diverted
attention from any reorganization of the colonies.
b.
Much of the answer to how the colonies' developed such relative
freedom in their own governance lies in British internal history (a
civil war) and foreign difficulties. American history is therefore
intertwined with European history from the very start.
Imperialism and Conflict
A.
Dynastic struggles and mercantilism led to a series of wars throughout 17th and
18th century
B.
England, France, and Spain clashed in North America and elsewhere
C.
North American fisheries
1.
strife between England and France over Maine, Nova Scotia, and
Newfoundland
D.
Fur trade
1.
serious trouble arose from a competition on the fur trade with the Indians.
This is a lucrative business that was very important to the metropolis,
whether London, Paris, or Amsterdam.
2.
French pierced down St. Lawrence into Great Lakes, and down
Mississippi and Ohio valleys
3.
French allied with Algonquin tribes and Hurons
4.
Conflict with the Iroquois Confederacy
5.
French blended in with Indians; English completely expelled them;
English way of life a deadly threat
6.
Indians too independent, too split to form a united front or conduct
sustained operations
a.
The English were disciplined, systematic, and better armed
(1)
Don't let anyone tell you that the bow was better than a
musket. The Indians demanded firearms and powder as
major trade items. An Indian tribe with firearms always
defeated a tribe that was not armed with firearms. This is
why the Sioux ended up on the Great Plains. This large and
brave tribe was driven there by the Ojibwa (or Chippewa)
Indians from their traditional home along the upper Great
Lakes.
7.
Some important colonial Indian wars:
a.
1622 Powhatan Confederacy (Virginia)
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b.
c.
E.
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1637 Pequot War (Massachusetts Bay)
1675 King Philip's War (Massachusetts Bay's existence actually
threatened; bloodiest of all Indian wars, based on % casualties)
d.
The first and last in particular were very costly to the colonists (the
Powhatans killed about 25% of Virginia's white population on the
first day, including Pocahontas' husband, John Rolfe). However,
the end result was the same: virtual annihilation of the Indians.
8.
Coureurs de bois penetrated rivers
a.
Louis Jolliet down Mississippi River
b.
Sieur de la Salle 1682 to Mississippi delta
9.
String of French forts
a.
Louisbourg--Cape Breton Island: controls mouth of the St.
Lawrence; single most strategic fort
b.
Quebec--1608--on St. Lawrence
c.
Sault Ste. Marie--at linkage of Lakes Superior, Huron, and
Ontario
d.
Detroit--at Lakes Huron and Erie
e.
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Vincennes between St. Lawrence and
Mississippi in Illinois
f.
New Orleans--1718--at mouth of the Mississippi
g.
Biloxi--1699--and Mobile--1702--to hold flank vs. Spain
10.
French misfortune
a.
Samuel de Champlain assisted Hurons vs. Iroquois, and created
general animosity--tended to block penetration into Hudson Valley
b.
aided Chippewa vs. Sioux, blocked the upper Mississippi and
Great Plains
c.
(The Spanish were blocked upward from Mexico by the
Comanche)
The Iroquois
1.
Confederation, not a single tribe; the Five (later Six) Nations
a.
Mohawk
b.
Seneca
c.
Cayuga
d.
Onondaga
e.
Oneida
f.
Tuscarora
2.
Crucial role in colonial history due to
a.
unity
(1)
federal government
(2)
the outstanding political organization north of the Aztecs
b.
ferocity
(1)
smashed Huron confederation March 1649
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(2)
(3)
F.
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smashed the Erie 1653-5
destroyed the Susquehanna 1670s
(a)
Significantly, this campaign was much longer and
costlier since the Susquehanna had access to
firearms from the Iroquois' trading rivals
(4)
drove off repeated French-Indian assaults 1680s-1690s
c.
The purpose of these campaigns was to control a complex of
trading routes up the Hudson, through to the Great Lakes, along the
Chesapeake, and up the Susquehanna River. The Iroquois
consciously created a trading empire.
3.
Strategic location athwart the only water level route to interior, covering
St. Lawrence, Ottawa rivers, lower Great Lakes, Ohio, and wilderness of
New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia
4.
attempted to play off French and English
a.
Their foreign policy was quite sophisticated, difficult to execute,
and ultimately a failure through reasons beyond their control.
5.
Sir William Johnson obtained an Iroquois alliance for England
Earliest Wars with France
1.
King William's War / War of League of Augsburg (1689-97)
a.
Note that this is the year after King William took the throne from
James II.
b.
French burn Schenectady, Deerfield, English take Port Royal,
Nova Scotia.
c.
Treaty of Ryswick
2.
Queen Anne's War / War of Spanish Succession (1702-13)
a.
French burn Deerfield; South Carolina burns St. Augustine;
England takes Nova Scotia
b.
Treaty of Utrecht
(1)
England gets Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Hudson's Bay,
French retain Cape Breton Isle
(2)
Great Britain obtained the asiento with this treaty, which
greatly increased its participation in the slave trade, and
greatly increased the flow of slaves to the North American
colonies as well as the Caribbean.
3.
War of Jenkin's Ear (1739-42) with Spain
a.
Associated with war vs. Creek Confederacy 1715
b.
Savannah founded as a block, later sends expedition to St.
Augustine
4.
King George's War / War of Austrian Succession (1745-48)
a.
Colonists capture Louisburg
b.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
(1)
gives Louisburg back
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VI.
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The French and Indian War
A.
English penetration into Ohio Valley leads to a direct confrontation rather than
through proxies
1.
George Croghan 1740s
2.
Virginia land speculators form Ohio Company
3.
Direct French/British contact
4.
French burn Croghan out in 1752
5.
French build a string of forts along Pennsylvania line on land claimed
(rather speciously) by the British
B.
Virginia's response
1.
Gov. Dinwiddie sends George Washington to warn them to leave in 1753;
he is rebuffed
2.
Washington returns with an expedition in 1754 to build a fort at the
junction of the Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio rivers
C.
Fort Duquesne
1.
French build fort at that point first
2.
Washington withdrew and built Ft. Necessity nearby.
3.
The fort is very badly designed and not really defensible. The French
promptly attack Washington.
4.
Washington surrenders July 3, 1754
5.
French and Indian War has begun
D.
Braddock's Defeat
1.
General . Edward Braddock arrives 1755
2.
Cuts road to Duquesne with 1500 regulars and 1200 colonials (please
understand that he is moving through primeval forest)
3.
Ambushed 7 miles short of Duquesne by Indians and coureurs de bois
4.
Forces engaged: 1459 British/colonial vs 637 Indians, 146 Canadians
(783).
a.
Pontiac led the Ottawa
5.
British lost 976 men (66% casualties) amid horrible carnage 7/9/1755
6.
Washington's courage prevents complete collapse
7.
The frontier torn apart by war, with no effective defense. It was a period
of terror for settlers. Indian raids following the battle spread death, terror
and suffering.
8.
Frontier warfare was brutal. Men who fought the Indians (who lived by
very different codes of ethics) often became embittered and brutal
themselves. And of course, the frontier tended to attract the roughest sorts
of men anyway. Great cruelty on both sides is commonplace. A man
might return home to see his wife and children butchered and scalped.
Adult male prisoners were tortured ritually (the Iroquois were considered
to be particularly good at it) and burned at the stake. I will not describe
the tortures or other atrocities in any detail. If you are interested, the
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E.
F.
G.
Mr. Blackmon
Page 10
books of Alan W. Eckert are excellent. Eckert attempts to narrate a tale of
passion, heroism, nobility, cruelty, greed, malice, brutality, desperation, of
alternately human triumph and human tragedy. There are hideous
atrocities on both sides; it is foolish to try to keep score. The Indians at
least had the excuse that they fought as they had always fought. That was
no comfort, however, to grieving settlers. Violence begat violence; blood
cried out for blood; the cycle was perpetuated.
9.
It should also be borne in mind that the real, fundamental driving force
between conflict between English settlers and the Indians was the
insatiable demand of the whites to seize Indian land and to drive the
Indians off or wipe them out. Whatever the circumstances of a particular
incident, the underlying Indian motive is defensive.
Seven Years' War 1756-1763
1.
Note that the war began in the New World
2.
England joins Prussia vs Austria, France, Spain and Russia
3.
Serious British defeats in early stages
Sir William Pitt
1.
Becomes Prime Minister: "I can save the country."
2.
Abandoned traditional European war
3.
Subsidized Prussia to fight in Europe, tie up France
a.
Prussia was led by Europe's greatest soldier, Frederick the Great,
and possessed Europe's best army.
b.
Furthermore, Prussia was surrounded by enemies, couldn't avoid
fighting, and needed the British a lot more than the British needed
them.
c.
Spent heavily 82 million pounds
4.
Aggressively seized overseas colonies
a.
Utilized British naval superiority brilliantly
5.
Subsidizes colonial assemblies to raise troops
a.
Implies semi-autonomy of colonial assemblies
6.
Promoted good young soldiers over heads of generals with more seniority-a sharp break from European practice, where generals usually in 60s
a.
Geoffrey Amherst
b.
James Wolfe
Victories
1.
Louisburg--Amherst in 1758, cuts communications with France;
probably the decisive battle of the war
2.
British / Iroquois capture Ft. Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt) and cut
line from St. Lawrence to Mississippi
a.
Iroquois led by Sir William Johnson ( or Warrahiyagay, his
Mohawk name; he was a Scotch-Irish immigrant who was adopted
into the Mohawk tribe)
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3.
4.
VII.
Mr. Blackmon
Page 11
Ft. Niagara and Crown Point--Amherst seizes these key points
Quebec (9/12/1759), generally regarded as the decisive battle of the war-Wolfe defeats the Marquis de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham.
a.
Both commanders killed
5.
Montreal surrenders 9/8/1760
6.
Elsewhere
a.
British capture Manila; Cuba; French West Indies; and eliminate
France from India
H.
King George III ascends throne 1760
1.
very stupid
2.
insecure
3.
passionate reverence for concept of kingship
4.
hated Whigs
a.
power lay in a group of families
b.
politically skillful if corrupt
c.
represented greater Parliamentary power vis a vis king
d.
Traditional view of constitution at the time was 3 balanced
interests
(1)
monarchy (king) / aristocracy (Lords) / people (Commons)
e.
At this time, king appointed his own ministers
(1)
Loses this power as result of Revolutionary War
5.
Quarrels with Parliament resulted in 10 years of chaotic colonial policies
6.
Pitt resigns in 1761 over war policy
Treaty of Paris of 1763
A.
Earl of Bute negotiates Treaty of Paris of 1763
1.
Maintain balance of power in Europe
a.
Primary concern is Europe, not colonies
2.
England gets all of North America east of Mississippi except New Orleans
3.
Louisiana goes to Spain
4.
French retains Martinique and Guadalupe
a.
One of the issues over which Pitt resigned; he wanted to keep
everything
5.
Spain gets Philippines and Cuba back
a.
Another issue over which Pitt resigned
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Works Cited
Degler, Carl. Out of Our Past: The Forces That Shaped Modern America. 3rd ed. New York:
Harper and Row, 1984.
Eckert, Allan W. Wilderness Empire. New York: Bantam, 1969 [A note on books by Allan W.
Eckert. You will see them sold as fiction. They are not. They are written as if they were
a fictional narrative, but every incident and conversation is based on documentary
evidence, and they are heavily footnoted.]
Garraty, John A. The American Nation: A History of the United
Harper and Row, 1983.
States. 5th ed. New York:
Jennings, Francis. The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire. New York: W.W. Norton, 1984.
Morgan, Edmund S. and Morgan, Helen M. The Stamp Act Crisis: Prologue to Revolution.
New York: Collier, 1962.
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Works Consulted
Bailey, Thomas A., Kennedy, David M. The American Pageant. 7th Ed. Lexington,
Massachusetts: D.C. Heath, 1983.
Bailyn, Bernard, Dallek, Robert, Davis, David Brion, Donald, David Herbert, Thomas, John L.,
Wood, Gordon S. The Great Republic: A History of the American People. 4th Ed.
Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1992.
Blum, John M., Morgan, Edmund S., McFeely, William S., Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M., Stampp,
Kenneth M., and Woodward,C. Vann. The National Experience: A History of the United
States. 6th ed. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985.
Boyer, Paul S.; Clark, Clifford Jr.; Kett, Joseph F.; Purvis, Thomas; Sitkoff, Harvard; Woloch,
Nancy. The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People. New York: D.C.
Heath. 1990.
Current, Richard N., Williams, T. Harry, Freidel, Frank, and
Brinkley, Alan. American
History: A Survey. 6th Ed. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983.
Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. America: A Narrative History. 3rd Ed. New York:
W.W. Norton, 1992.
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Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 1
I-V D
Form A
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
mercantilism
2
enumerated goods
3
Dominion of New England
4
King Philip's War
5
Wool Act
AP/IB American History
Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 1
I-V D
Form B
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
Adam Smith
2
Navigation Act of 1660
3
salutary neglect
4
King Philip's War
5
Sir Edmund Andros
AP/IB American History
Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 1
I-V D
Form C
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
The Wealth of Nations
2
enumerated goods
3
Dominion of New England
4
coureurs de bois
5
favorable balance of trade
AP/IB American History
Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 1
I-V D
Form D
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
mercantilism
2
Navigation Act of 1660
3
Sir Edmund Andros
4
Board of Trade
5
Quebec
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Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 2
I-V D
Form A
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
Iroquois
2
Queen Anne's War
3
Fort Duquesne
4
Sir William Pitt
5
Treaty of Paris of 1763
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The Theory and Practice of Empire
AP/IB American History
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Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 2
I-V D
Form B
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
Treaty of Paris of 1763
2
James Wolfe
3
Sir William Johnson
4
Braddock's Defeat
5
french and Indian War
AP/IB American History
Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 2
I-V D
Form C
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
King George's War
2
Edward Braddock
3
Geoffrey Amherst
4
Treaty of Paris of 1763
5
Sir William Pitt
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Mr. Blackmon
The Theory and Practice of Empire Quiz # 2
I-V D
Form D
Briefly identify and explain the significance of each of the following in two or three sentences.
1
Seven Years' War
2
Marquis de Montcalm
3
Iroquois
4
Treaty of Paris of 1763
5
Fort Duquesne