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Fisher/Baner-Science
Earth History Study Guide- Fisher Version
Rock Types
Metamorphic:
1. *Metamorphism the process in which a metamorphic rock is formed—through heat and
pressure
2. Foliated (p. 106 DE) Metamorphic rocks with mineral crystals that are arranged in
parallel layers. Eamples: schist, slate and gneiss
Draw a sketch:
3. Unfoliated (p. 107 DE) metamorphic rocks that are not banded and do not break into layers.
Marble and quartzite are examples
Draw a sketch:
4. How is a metamorphic rock formed?
Undergoes a change from heat and pressure or a chemical reaction
Types of Metamorphic Rock (use your Metamorphic rock data table):
A rock that is unfoliated , fizzes with acid and has sparkles: Marble
A rock that is foliated, does not fizz with acid and has black and white stripes: Gneiss
(schist)
Igneous Rocks:
1. *Extrusive rock Igneous rock with small crystals and a fine grained texture- formed from
lava and crystalized under the earth
2. *Intrusive Rock an igneous rock formed from magma. Granite is an example
3. *Igneous Rock formed from molten rock
4. *Crystal a solid in which the atoms or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern that
is repeated over and over again.
Extrusive Rocks: small (size) crystals
Fine grained texture
Intrusive Rocks: large (size) crystals
coarse grained texture
Why do some igneous rocks have larger crystal sizes? It took longer for the rock to cool
Types of igneous rocks (use your igneous rock data table)
A rock with large crystals, no fizz with acid and is a gray, black and white color
granite
Sedimentary Rocks
1. *Sedimentary Rock: formed by the compacting and cementing of sediments or by other
not igneous process at the earth’s surface
2. *Clastic rock a rock made from sediments of other rocks
3. *Chemical rock a non classtic sedimentary rock formed by inorganic processes such as
evaporation
4. *Organic rock a sedimentary rock that is formed either directly or indirectly from
material that was once alive
How are organic and chemical rocks similar?
They both can be a form of limestone
They both can be formed in a water environment
They both can contain fossils
5. Law of Superposition (look in notes) the statement that each layer of sedimentary rock
is older than the layer above it
6. Why are fossils most likely found in sedimentary rocks? Because sediments could easily
burry plants and animals
Types of Sedimentary Rocks (use your Sedimentary Rock data table):
A rock made of sand, that does not fizz with acid and feels very rough: sandstone
A rock with some sand¸ shells and fossils that fizzes with acid: organic limestone
A rock made of clay, that does not fizz in acid, is some kind of fossil and is black in color:
shale
Fossils (use your class notes from Changing Earth’s Surface Notes)
1. Index fossil- fossils of widely distributed (spread out) organisms that lived during only
one short period
Why are index fossils important to scientists?
fossil that can be used to indicate the age of rock layers
2. Relative Age the age of a rock compared to the ages or rock layers
How is relative age of a rock determined?
By using index fossils and rock correlations
Layers of the Earth:
Crust:
Which is thinner? Oceanic crust or continental crust? oceanic
What is continental crust composed of? Mostly of a type of felsic rock which is lighter
and less dense
What happens when two continental crusts collide? Mountains or earthquakes can
form
What happens when two oceanic crusts collide? The older oceanic crust will subduct
under the younger oceanic crust
Movement of the oceanic and continental crusts causes the ring of fire
Core
What are the two layers of the Earth’s core? Inner core and outer core
The fluid outer core and the spin of the Earth cause earth’s magnetic field
The Earth’s magnetic field has reversed. They know this is because the magnetic minerals in the
oceanic crust have reversed over millions of years to show a striped pattern.
Geologic time:
How old is the Earth believed to be? 4.6 billion years old
How do scientists measure that (i.e when does it start to when does it end?) Earth’s origin to
the present day
Rock Cycle: Use your note sheet from DE pgs. 94-100. You will need to know HOW each rock
changes I have included a blank version for you to practice with.
The rock cycle is the processes that cause the continuous changing of rocks from one kind to another.
Has no definite sequence
Use the illustration on page 95 to fill in the arrows showing how each rock changes into the other. Then
use colored pencils to illustrate the other ways rocks can change.
Sedimentary
Rocks
Sediments
Metamorphic
Rocks
Magma
Igneous
Rocks