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Government and the State
CHAPTER 1
• How is government defined?
• What are the basic powers that every government
holds?
• What are the four defining characteristics of the
state?
• How have we attempted to explain the origin of
the state?
• What is the purpose of government in the United
States and other countries?
What Is Government?
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Government is the institution
through which a society makes
and enforces its public policies.
The State
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The state can be defined as having these four
characteristics:
Population
• A state must have people, the number of which does not directly relate
to its existence.
Territory
• A state must be comprised of land—territory with known and
recognized boundaries.
Sovereignty
• Every state is sovereign. It has supreme and absolute power within its
own territory and decides its own foreign and domestic policies.
Government
• Every state has a government — that is, it is politically organized.
Origins of the State
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The Force Theory
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The force theory states that one person or a small group took
control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that
person’s or group’s rule.
The Evolutionary Theory
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The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out
of the early family.
The Divine Right Theory
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The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and
that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule.
The Social Contract Theory
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The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a
voluntary act of free people.
MAJOR POLITICAL IDEAS IN HISTORY
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Including, but not limited to:
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natural law –includes standards of justice which transcend laws made by humans.
natural rights –John Locke: “life, liberty, and property.” Thomas Jefferson adapted
these ideas in the Declaration of Independence, i.e., “life, liberty and pursuit of
happiness.” Other natural rights are included in the Bill of Rights.
divine right of kings –belief that monarchs were chosen by God- gave the monarch
unlimited authority.
Social Contract Theory –in order for man to live in groups, he must give up some of
his freedom to the government in exchange for protection of his natural rights. The
idea was developed by Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan, expanded by John Locke in
Second Treatise on Government and Jean Jacques
Rousseau in Social Contract. The authority of government is derived from the
consent of the governed. The citizens could challenge a government that does not
preserve their natural rights.
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OF INDEPENDENCE AND U.S.
CONSTITUTION
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Including, but not limited to:
Thomas Hobbes –enlightenment thinker; Social Contract theory. It is the responsibility of the
majority to protect the rights of the minority.
John Locke –natural rights; life, liberty and property; strongest influence on Thomas Jefferson
Charles de Montesquieu –separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent one part of
OF U.S. GOVERNMENT
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Including, but not limited to:
Founding Father –individual who played a major role in declaring U.S. independence, fighting the
Revolutionary War, or writing and adopting the U.S. Constitution.
John Adams –served in 1st and 2nd Continental Congress, led the debate that ratified the
Declaration of Independence, served as Vice President for 8 years under George Washington and
was elected the 2nd President of the United States in 1796. It is significant to note that he was not
elected vice president, but rather received the second most votes in the presidential election of
1788.
Alexander Hamilton –considered intelligent and decisive, Hamilton was a delegate to Continental
Congresses and the Constitutional Convention. He was a leading Federalist, favored strong central
government, and helped write the Federalist Papers. He was the first secretary of Treasury, during
which time he established the Mint and the National Bank. He believed in a loose interpretation of
the Constitution.
Thomas Jefferson –third president of the United States and author of the Declaration of
Independence. He was an Anti-Federalist and supported a strong Bill of Rights. His opposition to a
strong central government led to the creation of the first political parties. He was also a delegate to
the Continental Congress. He did not take part in writing the Constitution because he was in France
at the time. He was the first Secretary of State, taking Benjamin Franklin’s place as minister of
France; he approved the Louisiana Purchase.
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James Madison –“Father of the Constitution”
and fourth president of the United Statesessential to the writing and ratification of the
Constitution. One of the authors of the Federalist
Papers, he supported a strong central
government. He also wrote the first 12
amendments to the Constitution
The Purpose of Government
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The main purposes of government are described in
the Preamble of the Constitution of the United
States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order to
form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure
domestic Tranquility, provide for the common
defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure
the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our
Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution
for the United States of America.”
Section 1 Assessment
CHAPTER 1
1. A government is
(a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public
policies.
(b) a collection of people.
(c) always democratic.
(d) the organization representing farms and industries.
2. A state has the following four characteristics:
(a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government.
(b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory.
(c) people, places, force, and divine right.
(d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.
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Section 1 Assessment
CHAPTER 1
1. A government is
(a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public
policies.
(b) a collection of people.
(c) always democratic.
(d) the organization representing farms and industries.
2. A state has the following four characteristics:
(a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government.
(b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory.
(c) people, places, force, and divine right.
(d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.
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CHAPTER 1
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Section 1 Guided Reading and Review
Government and the State
1, 1
A. As You Read
As you read Section 1, fill in the answers to the following questions.
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1. What are the four characteristics of a state?
a. _population_
b. _territory____
c._ sovereignty__
d.__government__
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2. What are the four theories of the origins of a state?
a. ____force____
b.____evolutionary__
c.____divineright_______
d. ____social contract_
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• 3. What are six purposes of the American system of
government?
• a. __form a more perfect union__
• b. __establish justice________
• c. __ensure domestic tranquility__
• d. __provide for the common defense_
• e. __promote the general welfare__
• f. ___secure the blessings of liberty_
CHAPTER 1
• B. Reviewing Key Terms
• Complete each sentence in Column 1 by writing the letter of the
correct term from column 2
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4. B
5. D
6. A
7. C
Forms of Government
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• How can we classify governments?
• How are systems of government defined in terms
of who can participate?
• How is power distributed within a state?
• How are governments defined by the relationship
between the legislative and executive branches?
Classifying Governments
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Governments can be classified by three different
standards:
(1) Who can participate in the governing process.
(2) The geographic distribution of the governmental
power within the state.
(3) The relationship between the legislative
(lawmaking) and the executive (law-executing)
branches of the government.
Classification by Who Can Participate
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Democracy
• In a democracy, supreme
political authority rests with
the people.
• A direct democracy exists
where the will of the people is
translated into law directly by
the people themselves.
• In an indirect democracy, a
small group of persons,
chosen by the people to act
as their representatives,
expresses the popular will.
Dictatorship
• A dictatorship exists where
those who rule cannot be
held responsible to the will of
the people.
• An autocracy is a government
in which a single person
holds unlimited political
power.
• An oligarchy is a government
in which the power to rule is
held by a small, usually selfappointed elite.
Classification by Geographic Distribution of Power
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Unitary Government
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A unitary government has all powers held by a single, central
agency.
Confederate Government
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A confederation is an alliance of independent states.
Federal Government
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A federal government is one in which the powers of government
are divided between a central government and several local
governments.
An authority superior to both the central and local governments
makes this division of power on a geographic basis.
Classification by the Relationship Between
Legislative and Executive Branches
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Presidential and Parliamentary Governments
Forms of Government
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Section 2 Assessment
CHAPTER 1
1. In a democracy,
(a) independent states form an alliance.
(b) supreme political authority rests with the people.
(c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
(d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people.
2. The United States government has the following characteristics:
(a) confederate, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
(b) unitary, presidential, and democracy.
(c) federal, presidential, and democracy.
(d) unitary, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
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Section 2 Assessment
CHAPTER 1
1. In a democracy,
(a) independent states form an alliance.
(b) supreme political authority rests with the people.
(c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
(d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people.
2. The United States government has the following characteristics:
(a) confederate, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
(b) unitary, presidential, and democracy.
(c) federal, presidential, and democracy.
(d) unitary, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
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Basic Concepts of Democracy
CHAPTER 1
• What are the foundations of democracy?
• What are the connections between democracy
and the free enterprise system?
• How has the Internet affected democracy?
Foundations
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The American concept of democracy rests on these
basic notions:
(1) A recognition of the fundamental worth and
dignity of every person;
(2) A respect for the equality of all persons;
(3) A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon
minority rights;
(4) An acceptance of the necessity of compromise;
and
(5) An insistence upon the widest possible degree
of individual freedom.
Democracy and the Free Enterprise System
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• The free enterprise system is an economic
system characterized by private or corporate
ownership of capital goods; investments that are
determined by private decision rather than by
state control; and determined in a free market.
• Decisions in a free enterprise system are
determined by the law of supply and demand.
• An economy in which private enterprise exists in
combination with a considerable amount of
government regulation and promotion is called a
mixed economy.
Democracy and the Internet
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• Democracy demands that the people be widely
informed about their government.
• Theoretically, the Internet makes knowledgeable
participation in democratic process easier than
ever before.
• However, all data on the World Wide Web is not
necessarily true, and the long-term effects of the
Internet on democracy has yet to be determined.
Section 3 Assessment
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1. All of the following are basic notions found in the American concept of
democracy EXCEPT
(a) a recognition of of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person.
(b) a respect for the equality of all persons.
(c) the rule of government by a single individual.
(d) an acceptance of the necessity of compromise.
2. In a free enterprise system, the means of capital are owned
(a) by private and corporate entities.
(b) by government agencies.
(c) by only the agricultural sector.
(d) equally by the collective citizenry.
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Section 3 Assessment
CHAPTER 1
1. All of the following are basic notions found in the American concept of
democracy EXCEPT
(a) a recognition of of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person.
(b) a respect for the equality of all persons.
(c) the rule of government by a single individual.
(d) an acceptance of the necessity of compromise.
2. In a free enterprise system, the means of capital are owned
(a) by private and corporate entities.
(b) by government agencies.
(c) by only the agricultural sector.
(d) equally by the collective citizenry.
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