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IMPERIALISM
Define & Explain
Why Europe Led
the Way?
Imperialism
DEF.- Conquering and ruling other
lands
New Imperialism Motives
Economics, Power, Industrial Rev.
Raw materials, markets- build
infrastructure
Why Imperialism?
Late 1800’s Germany & US
challenging GB’s econ. Leadership
Some Euro countries limiting
foreign goods- protect domestic econ
Forced GB to find new markets and
resources
Countries followed GB’s lead
Colonies needed for econ welfare
Why Imperialism?
Empire= measure of national
stature
Race for colonies = nationalism
Econ. Competition
Industrial Revolution- new
weapons & ways to control empire
RR, telegraphs, steamers =
communication
Why Imperialism?
European attitudes- new tech
proved they were superior
Racism- one race is superior to
another
Manifest Destiny- Euros had right &
duty to share progress & culture
Missionary spirit- Euro rule best
way to end evil practices
Slave trade
Why Imperialism?
Livingstone (Scottish missionary)preach gospel, heal sick, abolish
slavery (E. Africa 1880’s)
Asians & Africans must have
Christianity
Traveled beyond trading areas
military and political suppport
Why Imperialism?
Mass appeal- literature glorified
imperialism
Adventure
Kipling, Livingstone & Stanley
Economic Interpretations
According to capitalism…
Lenin, Hobsen
Ran out of own things to invest in –
led to new exploitation??
Strategic Interpretations
GB takes Suez Canal- trade route
to India
Euros rivalry- no one too powerful
Ships use coal- need for coal
stations
Coal needed to be world power
Irrational Element
Colonies= power
Everyone’s doing it
Imperialism in
Africa
New Trading Patterns
Slavery declines
Trade grows in
importance
Palm oil
ivory
Foreign Presence
Traders, colonists, missionaries,
explorers
Black colonies:
Sierra Leone- free Africans returning
from Britain
Liberia- first African republic 1847
(former American slaves came here)
Mission States- self-sufficient
religious communities
Foreign Presence
Merchants & officials quick to use
force
Home govts. involved in wars they
knew little about
Early Colonization
Stanley claims Congo River Valley
for King Leopold of Belgium
Cape Colony- Dutch East India Co.
Britain gained control during
Napoleonic Wars
“The Great Trek”
Dutch escaping British rule
Orange Free State and Transvaal
Republic formed
Early Colonization
French in North Africa
Goes into Congo- response to
Belgium
Barbary Coast and Algeria (stop
pirating), Tunisia, Morocco
Protectorates- formally independent
now under control of outside power
Conquest of Africa
1875- 10% controlled by Euros
1900- 90% controlled
1914- only Liberia and Ethiopia
free
Berlin Conference 1884-1885
US, Ottoman Empire, 12 European
countries
Africans not invited
Europeans carve up Africa
Suez Canal
Built by French- connect Med and
Red Seas
GB buys stock in building co. &
protects canal
GB will take Egypt as protectorate &
Sudan (Kitchener)- protect canal
African Response
Samori Toure- Empire from Ivory
Coast to Ghana
Took French 6 yrs. to conquer
Africans had bought arms & est.own
weapons factories
Some Africans accepted Euro rule
Less of threat than neighbors
Euro invited in to protect against
internal enemy
Colonial Policies
Direct Rule- foreign control of
govt.
Assimilation- absorbed into
culture of Imperialist Powers
Indirect Rule- native officials
handle day-to-day task
Prepare Africa for self-rule
European Settlement
Most settled in Algeria, S. Africa,
Kenya, Rhodesia
Not West Africa
Africans never bought Euro goodspoverty, custom, climate
Wealth = unlimited resources
Colonies had to be Profitable
Exports- raw materials and
cash crop
Taxes- currency issued by
colonial power
Brutal Working ConditionsLabor gang to work fields
Congo Free State
Costs
Paternalism- taking care of
people’s needs without giving
them any responsibility
End of slavery did not end racial
discrimination
Rapid urbanization led to disease,
high crime, breakdown of family
Benefits
Conflict between African tribes
banned
Communication system
improved
Modern medicine and sanitation
Educational improvements
Democratic govt. introduced
Imperialism in
S.E. Asia
India under British Rule
Britain takes advantage of
India’s
Political disunity
Religious (Hindu v. Muslim)
disunity
Cornerstone of Empire
Raw materials, market (300 mil)
India under British Rule
British East India Co. initially
controlled India (1600)
May 1857 Sepoy Rebellion
Sepoy- Indian soldier
Issue: bullet cartridges & religion
Indian princes, Sikhs- GB side
Significance- British take full control
of India
India After 1857
Cabinet Minister in London
directed policy
Brit. Governor-General in India
carried out policy
Loyal princes rewarded- respect
treaties made with Br. E. India co.
Promise states remain free- GB
taking more control
India After 1857
Raj- part of India under direct GB
control
10 provinces, 250 districts
Technological benefits
Transportation and Communicationtelegraph, RR expands trade,
bridges, canals
Irrigation for farming
Indian Nationalism
Money for improvements from
Indian taxpayers
Indians resented system, no high level
civil service, 2nd class citizens
1855Indian National CongressHindu, wanted to change British
policy
1906 All-India Muslim LeagueMuslim, saw Britain as their
protector
Imperialism in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia sat on trade
cross-routes
Disunity made it vulnerable to
Imperialism
French in Laos, Cambodia,
Vietnam
Thailand remains independent
English in Burma and Malaya
Imperialism in
China
Background
1800- 300 mil people
Highly agricultural, not
industrialized
Almost self-sufficient- little interest
in trade
Only in Canton- Euro goods inferior
Imperialism in China
Opium War of 1839- - trade was
privilege, traders must follow
rules
Opium only good Chinese
wanted from traders
Govt. seized opium and
imprisoned traders
Opium Wars
Treaty of Nanjing 1842Unequal treaty system
British under GB not Chinese
law
China pay damages to opium
5 treaty ports opened
Spheres of Influence
China’s Internal Problems
Ch’ing dynasty losing control
Tiaping Rebellion of 1850GB steps in & helps imperial army
regain control against army of 1 mil
**China sees need to modernize
(military, trans, comm, edu.)- w/out
help from the West
Continued Problems
Euros continue to take advantage
2nd Opium War w/ France & GB
More trading rights gained
Russians, Japanese take land
Japanese will threaten Euro interests
Sino-Japanese War 1894- China
loses to more modernized Japan
Struggle for Korea
US Involvement
Open Door Policy 1899- all
nations have equal trading rights
in China (Sec. Hayes)
Protect US trade
China not carved into colonies
All but Russia accepted
China kept freedom, large cities
dominated by Euros
Europeans Resented
Boxer Rebellion 1899 (Peking)Boxers wanted foreigners out
“Society of Righteous and
Harmonious Fists”
Attacked missionaries and Chinese
Christians (siege held for months)
8 nations needed for rescue
Events builds Chinese nationalism
US Imperialism
Spanish-American War- US gains
Philippines
US becoming world power
(industrialization)
Excuse for strategic position in Asia
Returned late 1940’s
Japanese Imperialism
Reason- lack of natural resources
Japan wins Sino-Japanese War
Britain signs 10 year alliance with
Japan (use Japan to keep Russia
down)
Russo-Japanese War 1904
Britain refuses to let Russia use
Suez Canal
Japan wins- *Japan world power*