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PARTHENON by Eftychia Stalika THE HILL OF ACROPOLIS ACROPOLIS=HIGH CITY PARTHENON (INTRODUCTION) The temple of ancient Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis. Considered as the high point of Greek art and regarded as the symbol of ancient Greece and Athenian Democracy (Demos=people + Cratos = state power). One of the world’s greatest cultural monuments. PARTHENON (HISTORY) Parthenon replaced an older temple of Athena Parthenos (Virgin), which was destroyed in the persian invasion of 480 BC. Pericles ordered its construction on behalf of the Athenian people(along with the other constructions of Acropolis) in 447 BC. Parthenon was built under the general supervision of the great sculptor Phidias (also responsible for the sculptural decorations) by the architects Ictinos and Callicrates and was completed by 431 BC. Parthenon was built of marble stone from Mount Pentelicus, which is 16 km away from Acropolis and has the reputation of the finest temple of the Doric order ever built. DORIC ORDER PARTHENON (HISTORY) In the 6th century AD the ancient temple was converted to a Christian Church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. In the 15th century AD during the Ottoman (Turk) occupation it was converted to a mosque. On the 26th of September 1687, a Venetian bombardment blew up the Ottoman ammunition dump inside the building and the explosion severely damaged Parthenon and its sculptures. In 1806 Thomas Bruce (Earl of Elgin and British Ambassador at Constantinople at that time), removed many of the surviving sculptures with the Ottoman permission and sold them in 1816 to the British Museum of London, where they are up to now displayed. There are substantial hopes that the UK will return the marble sculptures to Athens at the Olympic Games of London in 2012, in a bold gesture of good will and friendship, so that they can be displayed in the new Antiquity Museum of Athens, next to their natural environment. PARTHENON (ARCHITEXTURE) Dimensions of the base are 69.5m X 30.9m On the exterior the Doric columns (1.9m in diameter and 10.4m height), support the heavy roof. It housed the huge chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos by Phidias, now completely lost. Parthenon has 2 pediments (of triangular shape) on the west and east side of the roof, depicting the contest of goddess Athena and god Poseidon (west) and the birth of goddess Athena (east). Parthenon had 92 sculptured Metopes which depicted mythic battles (Gigantomachy, Amazonomachy, Centauromachy and the sack of Troy). THE FLOOR PLAN OF THE The Ionian Frieze runs around the exterior wall of the PARTHENON inner temple (cella) and depicts the Panathenian Procession, which was held every year in Ancient Athens, to honor goddess Athena by offering animal sacrifices and new dresses (peplos), woven by Athenian noble girls. The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured. PARTHENON (ARCHITEXTURE) PART OF THE EASTEARN PEDIMENT OF THE PARTHENON PARTHENON (ARCHITEXTURE) DETAIL OF THE WEST METOPES OF PARTHENON ONE OF THE SOUTH METOPES OF PARTHENON DEPICTING CENTAUROMACHY PARTHENON (ARCHITEXTURE) CAVALRY FROM THE PARTHENON FRIEZE (PANATHENIAN PROCESSION)