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Basic Chemistry and Biochemistry Required notes Label and date in your notebook If material in Cornell notes, don’t need to take additional notes. Chromebook for notes? Print / put in binder. Overview Lecture covers basic biochem (esp. proteins) Expected that you had some/much previously Student comments from last year – requested more “direct instruction”, less group work Plan: Today: discussion and notes Update Cornell notes as necessary Take notes on anything else (new material) Tomorrow: Group review activity Beyond: review material on your own The Nature of Matter (2-1) Put your Cornell notes out for stamping Turn to your neighbor Discuss: “What do you know about atoms?” What are they made of? What do they look like? What else do you remember about them? Be ready to share Copy the diagram we develop on the board Atom: simplest unit of matter; cannot easily be broken down into electrons, neutrons, protons What is the difference between atoms and molecules? Educated guess! Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share Atoms and molecules What is the difference between atoms and molecules? Educated guess! Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically joined Function as a unit with new properties Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas = liquid water Can be small (ex: water – only 3 atoms) Can be large (ex: table sugar has 45 atoms!) What about elements and compounds? Discuss, be ready to share (Similarities? Differences?) Elements and Compounds What are elements and compounds? Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share anything Element: material that has only ONE type of ATOM Ex: sodium Ex: chlorine Compound: material that contains only ONE type of MOLECULE. Ex: sodium chloride Remember: elements contain one type of atom Pure compounds contain one type of molecule I need 8 volunteers Water and pH Pure water is which: an atom or molecule? Molecule – 2 hydrogen atoms, one oxygen atom Pure water is neutral. pH? 7 What is the pH of an acidic solution? (Something dissolved in water is a “solution”.) Lower than 7, down to 0 What is the pH of a basic solution? Greater than 7, up to 14 Discuss: what are “organic compounds”? Organic compounds Organic carbon compounds? Contain carbon atoms and are/were part of a living system “Building blocks” of all major organelles, tissues, organs, structures, etc. in living organisms Macromolecules? Really large organic compounds 4 main types? (Cornell notes) Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Protein macromolecule Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) Lipids Include “oils” (liquids), “fats” (solids) Working with your lab group: Discuss HW from last night. Be ready to share at least three ways that lipids affect living organisms. Update your notes as you listen to classmates Carbohydrates Include “monosaccharides” (simple sugars) and “polysaccharides” (more complex carbs) Working with your lab group: Discuss HW from last night. Be ready to share at least three ways that carbohydrates affect living organisms. Update your notes as you listen to classmates Carbohydrates – more info Glucose - main source of energy for most cells. Plants make their own glucose. Animals? Animals ingest glucose (in their food) Plants combine extra glucose molecules into starch for longer-term storage Glucose + Glucose + Glucose… = Starch Animals combine extra glucose molecules into glycogen for storage in muscles/liver Glucose + Glucose + Glucose… = Glycogen Complex carbs -- less energy than lipids, easier to metabolize Next up: proteins – how do they affect living organisms? Proteins Are macromolecules made of amino acids joined together Working with your lab group: Discuss HW from last night. Be ready to share at least three ways that proteins affect living organisms. Update your notes as you listen to classmates Proteins – amino acids 20 amino acids exist in nature Humans can make 12 amino acids How do they get the others? Must ingest remaining 8 amino acids “Essential amino acids” Without, can’t build proteins needed for life How are DNA and proteins related? DNA builds proteins by organizing amino acids in your body (puts amino acids in order) Proteins shape – updates notes Primary structure – the order of the amino acids Proteins – what do they look like? Secondary and tertiary structure (folding) Secondary – initial folding Tertiary – more complex folding – into a molecule like this one Write down the marker analogy Proteins and chemical reactions What is a chemical reaction? Discuss. Chemical(s) (reactants) react to form different chemical(s) (products) Example: glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water What do enzymes do to reactions? Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in living organisms (cells) –millions of time faster! Enzymes “catalyze” reactions (“catalyst”) Example of how one thing could catalyze something else? Proteins and enzymes Enzymes provide a site for chemicals together to react Kind of like a lock and key Enzymes are specific – only help certain chemicals react. (Animation – describe in notes) Break down OR synthesize Some enzymes break down molecules Other enzymes “synthesize” (combine) molecules What if the enzyme’s shape changes? Too hot, acidic, etc: Tertiary shape can permanently change “Denatured” Enzyme will not work The “key” will not fit in the broken “lock” (enzyme) Tonight: Review notes Review 2-1 and 2-4 in textbook Much of today in these sections Review this PowerPoint (“documents” online) Update notes if necessary