Download Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Proteins!

Basic Chemistry and
Biochemistry
Required notes
Label and date in your notebook
If material in Cornell notes, don’t need to take
additional notes.
Chromebook for notes? Print / put in binder.
Overview
 Lecture covers basic biochem (esp. proteins)
Expected that you had some/much previously
 Student comments from last year – requested more
“direct instruction”, less group work
 Plan:
 Today: discussion and notes
 Update Cornell notes as necessary
 Take notes on anything else (new material)
 Tomorrow: Group review activity
 Beyond: review material on your own
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The Nature of Matter (2-1)
 Put your Cornell notes out for stamping
 Turn to your neighbor
Discuss: “What do you know about atoms?”
 What are they made of? What do they look like?
What else do you remember about them?
 Be ready to share
 Copy the diagram we develop on the board
 Atom: simplest unit of matter; cannot easily be broken
down into electrons, neutrons, protons
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 What is the difference between atoms and molecules?
Educated guess!
 Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share
Atoms and molecules
 What is the difference between atoms and molecules?
Educated guess!
 Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share
 Molecule: Two or more atoms chemically joined
 Function as a unit with new properties
 Hydrogen gas + oxygen gas = liquid water
 Can be small (ex: water – only 3 atoms)
 Can be large (ex: table sugar has 45 atoms!)
 What about elements and compounds?
 Discuss, be ready to share (Similarities? Differences?)
Elements and Compounds
 What are elements and compounds?
Discuss with neighbor, be ready to share anything
 Element: material that has only ONE type of ATOM
 Ex: sodium
 Ex: chlorine
 Compound: material that contains only ONE type of
MOLECULE.
 Ex: sodium chloride
 Remember: elements contain one type of atom
 Pure compounds contain one type of molecule
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 I need 8 volunteers
Water and pH
 Pure water is which: an atom or molecule?
 Molecule – 2 hydrogen atoms, one oxygen atom
 Pure water is neutral. pH?
7
 What is the pH of an acidic solution? (Something
dissolved in water is a “solution”.)
 Lower than 7, down to 0
 What is the pH of a basic solution?
 Greater than 7, up to 14
 Discuss: what are “organic compounds”?
Organic compounds
 Organic carbon compounds?
 Contain carbon atoms and are/were part of a
living system
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“Building blocks” of all major organelles, tissues,
organs, structures, etc. in living organisms
Macromolecules?
Really large organic compounds
4 main types? (Cornell notes)
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Protein macromolecule
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Lipids
 Include “oils” (liquids), “fats” (solids)
 Working with your lab group:
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Discuss HW from last night.
Be ready to share at least three ways that
lipids affect living organisms.
Update your notes as you listen to classmates
Carbohydrates
 Include “monosaccharides” (simple sugars)
and “polysaccharides” (more complex carbs)
 Working with your lab group:
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Discuss HW from last night.
Be ready to share at least three ways that
carbohydrates affect living organisms.
Update your notes as you listen to classmates
Carbohydrates – more info
 Glucose - main source of energy for most cells.
 Plants make their own glucose. Animals?
 Animals ingest glucose (in their food)
 Plants combine extra glucose molecules into starch for
longer-term storage
 Glucose + Glucose + Glucose… = Starch
 Animals combine extra glucose molecules into glycogen for
storage in muscles/liver
 Glucose + Glucose + Glucose… = Glycogen
 Complex carbs -- less energy than lipids, easier to
metabolize
 Next up: proteins – how do they affect living organisms?
Proteins
 Are macromolecules made of amino acids
joined together
 Working with your lab group:
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Discuss HW from last night.
Be ready to share at least three ways that
proteins affect living organisms.
Update your notes as you listen to classmates
Proteins – amino acids
 20 amino acids exist in nature
 Humans can make 12 amino acids
 How do they get the others?
 Must ingest remaining 8 amino acids
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“Essential amino acids”
Without, can’t build proteins needed for life
 How are DNA and proteins related?
 DNA builds proteins by organizing amino
acids in your body (puts amino acids in order)
Proteins shape – updates notes
 Primary structure – the order of the amino
acids
Proteins – what do they look like?
 Secondary and tertiary structure (folding)
Secondary – initial folding
 Tertiary – more complex
folding – into a molecule
like this one
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 Write down the
marker analogy
Proteins and chemical reactions
 What is a chemical reaction? Discuss.
 Chemical(s) (reactants) react to form different
chemical(s) (products)
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Example: glucose and oxygen react to form
carbon dioxide and water
 What do enzymes do to reactions?
 Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in living
organisms (cells) –millions of time faster!
 Enzymes “catalyze” reactions (“catalyst”)
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Example of how one thing could catalyze
something else?
Proteins and enzymes
 Enzymes provide a site for chemicals
together to react
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Kind of like a lock and key
Enzymes are specific – only help certain
chemicals react. (Animation – describe in notes)
Break down OR synthesize
 Some enzymes break down molecules
 Other enzymes “synthesize” (combine) molecules
What if the enzyme’s shape
changes?
 Too hot, acidic, etc:
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Tertiary shape can permanently change
“Denatured”
Enzyme will not work
The “key” will not fit in the broken “lock” (enzyme)
Tonight:
 Review notes
 Review 2-1 and 2-4 in textbook
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Much of today in these sections
 Review this PowerPoint (“documents” online)
 Update notes if necessary