Download History of the Atom

History of the Atom
Scientists and Their Contribution to
the Model of an Atom
Tuesday, October 8, 13
History of the Atom - Timeline
0
Tuesday, October 8, 13
0
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1700s
1800s
1900s
History of the Atom - Timeline
History of the Atom - Timeline
0
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
History of the Atom - Timeline
0
Democritus
proposes
the 1st atomic
theory
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
History of the Atom - Timeline
0
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
History of the Atom - Timeline
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
History of the Atom - Timeline
Antoine Lavoisier
makes a substantial
number of contributions
to the field of
Chemistry
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
History of the Atom - Timeline
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
proposes his
atomic theory in
1803
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
J.J. Thomson
discovers the
electron and
proposes the
Plum Pudding
Model in 1897
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
Ernest Rutherford
performs the Gold Foil
Experiment in 1909
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
Niels Bohr
proposes
the Bohr
Model in
1913
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1887 – 1961
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1887 – 1961
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
Erwin
Schrodinger
describes
the electron
cloud in 1926
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1887 – 1961
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1887 – 1961
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1891 – 1974
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1887 – 1961
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
James
Chadwick
discovered
the neutron
in in 1932
0
1891 – 1974
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
History of the Atom - Timeline
1766 – 1844
1871 – 1937
1887 – 1961
1700s
1800s
1900s
460 – 370 BC
0
1891 – 1974
1743 – 1794
1885 – 1962
Click on picture for more information
Tuesday, October 8, 13
1856 – 1940
Democritus
(460 BC – 370 BC)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Democritus
(460 BC – 370 BC)
Image taken from: https://reichchemistry.wikispaces.com/T.+Glenn
+Time+Line+Project
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Democritus
(460 BC – 370 BC)
• Proposed an Atomic Theory
(along with his mentor
Leucippus) which states that
all atoms are small, hard,
indivisible and indestructible
particles made of a single
material formed into
different shapes and sizes.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: https://reichchemistry.wikispaces.com/T.+Glenn
+Time+Line+Project
Democritus
(460 BC – 370 BC)
• Proposed an Atomic Theory
(along with his mentor
Leucippus) which states that
all atoms are small, hard,
indivisible and indestructible
particles made of a single
material formed into
different shapes and sizes.
• Aristotle did not support his
atomic theory
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: https://reichchemistry.wikispaces.com/T.+Glenn
+Time+Line+Project
Some Early Ideas on Matter
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Some Early Ideas on Matter
Anaxagoras
(Greek, born 500 B.C.)
–Suggested every substance had its own kind of “seeds” that clustered together to
make the substance, much as our atoms cluster to make molecules.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Some Early Ideas on Matter
Anaxagoras
(Greek, born 500 B.C.)
–Suggested every substance had its own kind of “seeds” that clustered together to
make the substance, much as our atoms cluster to make molecules.
Empedocles
(Greek, born in Sicily, 490 B.C.)
–Suggested there were only four basic seeds – earth, air, fire, and water. The
elementary substances (atoms to us) combined in various ways to make
everything.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Some Early Ideas on Matter
Anaxagoras
(Greek, born 500 B.C.)
–Suggested every substance had its own kind of “seeds” that clustered together to
make the substance, much as our atoms cluster to make molecules.
Empedocles
(Greek, born in Sicily, 490 B.C.)
–Suggested there were only four basic seeds – earth, air, fire, and water. The
elementary substances (atoms to us) combined in various ways to make
everything.
Democritus
(Greek, born 470 B.C.)
–Actually proposed the word atom (indivisible) because he believed that all
matter consisted of such tiny units with voids between, an idea quite similar to
our own beliefs. It was rejected by Aristotle and thus lost for 2000 years.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Some Early Ideas on Matter
Anaxagoras
(Greek, born 500 B.C.)
–Suggested every substance had its own kind of “seeds” that clustered together to
make the substance, much as our atoms cluster to make molecules.
Empedocles
(Greek, born in Sicily, 490 B.C.)
–Suggested there were only four basic seeds – earth, air, fire, and water. The
elementary substances (atoms to us) combined in various ways to make
everything.
Democritus
(Greek, born 470 B.C.)
–Actually proposed the word atom (indivisible) because he believed that all
matter consisted of such tiny units with voids between, an idea quite similar to
our own beliefs. It was rejected by Aristotle and thus lost for 2000 years.
Aristotle
(Greek, born 384 B.C.)
–Added the idea of “qualities” – heat, cold, dryness, moisture – as basic
elements which combined as shown in the diagram (previous page).
Hot + dry made fire; hot + wet made air, and so on.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Some Early Ideas on Matter
Anaxagoras
(Greek, born 500 B.C.)
–Suggested every substance had its own kind of “seeds” that clustered together to
make the substance, much as our atoms cluster to make molecules.
Empedocles
(Greek, born in Sicily, 490 B.C.)
–Suggested there were only four basic seeds – earth, air, fire, and water. The
elementary substances (atoms to us) combined in various ways to make
everything.
Democritus
(Greek, born 470 B.C.)
–Actually proposed the word atom (indivisible) because he believed that all
matter consisted of such tiny units with voids between, an idea quite similar to
our own beliefs. It was rejected by Aristotle and thus lost for 2000 years.
Aristotle
(Greek, born 384 B.C.)
–Added the idea of “qualities” – heat, cold, dryness, moisture – as basic
elements which combined as shown in the diagram (previous page).
Hot + dry made fire; hot + wet made air, and so on.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Alchemy
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Alchemy
• After that chemistry was
ruled by alchemy.
• They believed that they
could take any cheap
metals and turn them into
gold. This is called
transmutation.
• Alchemists were almost
like magicians.
– elixirs, physical immortality
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
- properties of some elements
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
- properties of some elements
Develop lab apparatus / procedures / experimental techniques
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
- properties of some elements
Develop lab apparatus / procedures / experimental techniques
- alchemists learned how to prepare acids.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
- properties of some elements
Develop lab apparatus / procedures / experimental techniques
- alchemists learned how to prepare acids.
- developed several alloys
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
- properties of some elements
Develop lab apparatus / procedures / experimental techniques
- alchemists learned how to prepare acids.
- developed several alloys
- new glassware
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
• Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
• Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
• Devised the metric system
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
• Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
• Devised the metric system
• Was married to a 13-year old Marie-Anne
Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with
much of his work
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
• Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
• Devised the metric system
• Was married to a 13-year old Marie-Anne
Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with
much of his work
• Was a tax-collector that was
consequently guillotined during the
French Revolution
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
• Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
• Devised the metric system
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
• Was married to a 13-year old Marie-Anne
Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with
much of his work
• Was a tax-collector that was
consequently guillotined during the
French Revolution
• Discovered/proposed that combustion
occurs when oxygen combines with other
elements
Antoine Lavoisier
(1743 – 1794)
• Known as the “Father of Modern
Chemistry”
• Was the first person to generate a list of
thirty-three elements in his textbook
• Devised the metric system
Image taken from:
www.ldeo.columbia.edu/.../v1001/
geotime2.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
• Was married to a 13-year old Marie-Anne
Pierette Paulze; she assisted him with
much of his work
• Was a tax-collector that was
consequently guillotined during the
French Revolution
• Discovered/proposed that combustion
occurs when oxygen combines with other
elements
• Discovered/proposed the Law of
Conservation of Mass (or Matter) which
states, in a chemical reaction, matter is
neither created nor destroyed
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
o Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
Tuesday, October 8, 13
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
o Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances
• Calculated the atomic weights of many
various elements
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
o Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances
• Calculated the atomic weights of many
various elements
• Was a teacher at a very young age
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
John Dalton
(1766 – 1844)
• In 1803, proposed an Atomic Theory
which states:
o All substances are made of atoms;
atoms are small particles that
cannot be created, divided, or
destroyed.
o Atoms of the same element are
exactly alike, and atoms of
different elements are different
o Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances
• Calculated the atomic weights of many
various elements
• Was a teacher at a very young age
• Was color blind
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from:
chemistry.about.com/.../JohnDalton.htm
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor changed into
atoms of any other element.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor changed into
atoms of any other element.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor changed into
atoms of any other element.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass, size, and
other properties.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor changed into
atoms of any other element.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass, size, and
other properties.
5. Atoms of one element differ in mass and other properties from
atoms of other elements.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor changed into
atoms of any other element.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass, size, and
other properties.
5. Atoms of one element differ in mass and other properties from
atoms of other elements.
6. In compounds, atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole
number ratios.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s Atomic Theory (1808)
1. All matter consists of tiny particles.
Dalton, like the Greeks, called these particles “atoms”.
2. Atoms of one element can neither be subdivided nor changed into
atoms of any other element.
3. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
4. All atoms of the same element are identical in mass, size, and
other properties.
5. Atoms of one element differ in mass and other properties from
atoms of other elements.
6. In compounds, atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole
number ratios.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
10
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s symbols,
1808
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Dalton’s atomic
weights, 1808
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Michael Faraday
(1791-1867)
• Michael Faraday (1825)- Split compounds
by electrolysis and showed that atoms
have electrical properties
• 1833 Michael Faraday discovers
quantitative laws of electrochemical
deposition.
• He introduces the terms electrode,
cathode, anode, ion, anion, cation,
electrolyte.
• He establishes that a definite quantity13 of
electricity is associated with each atom of
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/
dayintech_0430
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
• Proved that an atom can be divided
into smaller parts
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/
dayintech_0430
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
• Proved that an atom can be divided
into smaller parts
• While experimenting with cathoderay tubes, discovered corpuscles,
which were later called electrons
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/
dayintech_0430
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
• Proved that an atom can be divided
into smaller parts
• While experimenting with cathoderay tubes, discovered corpuscles,
which were later called electrons
• Stated that the atom is neutral
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/
dayintech_0430
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
• Proved that an atom can be divided
into smaller parts
• While experimenting with cathoderay tubes, discovered corpuscles,
which were later called electrons
• Stated that the atom is neutral
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/
dayintech_0430
Tuesday, October 8, 13
• In 1897, proposed the Plum Pudding
Model which states that atoms
mostly consist of positively charged
material with negatively charged
particles (electrons) located
throughout the positive material
J.J. Thomson
(1856 – 1940)
• Proved that an atom can be divided
into smaller parts
• While experimenting with cathoderay tubes, discovered corpuscles,
which were later called electrons
• Stated that the atom is neutral
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2008/04/
dayintech_0430
Tuesday, October 8, 13
• In 1897, proposed the Plum Pudding
Model which states that atoms
mostly consist of positively charged
material with negatively charged
particles (electrons) located
throughout the positive material
• Won a Nobel Prize
Discovered by J.J. Thomson.
He said the atom was a
sphere of positive electricity,
with negative particles
throughout. This came
around right after he
discovered the electron.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Robert Millikan
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/images/chfa_03_img0536.jpg
He was by far the most famous American
scientist. He wanted to find the electrical
charge of electrons. He measured water
droplets, and that wasn’t successful, so he
measured oil droplets, where all this
proved electrons were negatively
charged. He also was a professor for
many years, and wrote many textbooks
on chemistry.
Tuesday, October 8, 13
• Robert Millikan (1868-1923)
– Oil drop experiment – 1909
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
o The protons are surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, but most
of the atom is actually empty space
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
o The protons are surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, but most
of the atom is actually empty space
Did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha
& beta particles, gamma rays/waves) and
was referred to as the “Father of Nuclear
Physics”
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
•
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
o The protons are surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, but most
of the atom is actually empty space
Did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha
& beta particles, gamma rays/waves) and
was referred to as the “Father of Nuclear
Physics”
Won a Nobel Prize
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
•
•
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
o The protons are surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, but most
of the atom is actually empty space
Did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha
& beta particles, gamma rays/waves) and
was referred to as the “Father of Nuclear
Physics”
Won a Nobel Prize
Was a student of J.J. Thomson
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Ernest Rutherford
(1871 – 1937)
•
•
In 1909, performed the Gold Foil
Experiment and suggested the following
characteristics of the atom:
o It consists of a small core, or nucleus,
that contains most of the mass of the
atom
o This nucleus is made up of particles
called protons, which have a positive
charge
o The protons are surrounded by
negatively charged electrons, but most
of the atom is actually empty space
Did extensive work on radioactivity (alpha
& beta particles, gamma rays/waves) and
was referred to as the “Father of Nuclear
Physics”
•
•
Won a Nobel Prize
Was a student of J.J. Thomson
•
Was on the New Zealand $100 bill
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from: http://
www.scientific-web.com/en/Physics/
Biographies/ErnestRutherford.html
Gold-Foil Experiment
19
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)
Image taken from:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Niels_Bohr.jpg
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)
• In 1913, proposed the Bohr
Model, which suggests that
electrons travel around the
nucleus of an atom in orbits or
definite paths. Additionally, the
electrons can jump from a path
in one level to a path in another
level (depending on their energy)
Image taken from:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Niels_Bohr.jpg
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)
• In 1913, proposed the Bohr
Model, which suggests that
electrons travel around the
nucleus of an atom in orbits or
definite paths. Additionally, the
electrons can jump from a path
in one level to a path in another
level (depending on their energy)
• Won a Nobel Prize
Image taken from:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Niels_Bohr.jpg
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Niels Bohr
(1885 – 1962)
• In 1913, proposed the Bohr
Model, which suggests that
electrons travel around the
nucleus of an atom in orbits or
definite paths. Additionally, the
electrons can jump from a path
in one level to a path in another
level (depending on their energy)
• Won a Nobel Prize
Image taken from:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
File:Niels_Bohr.jpg
• Worked with Ernest Rutherford
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Quantum Mechanics
Werner Heisenberg
~1926
γ
Microscope
Electron
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Quantum Mechanics
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
– Impossible to know both the velocity and
position of an electron at the same time
γ
Microscope
Electron
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Werner Heisenberg
~1926
Quantum Mechanics
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
– Impossible to know both the velocity and
position of an electron at the same time
γ
Microscope
Electron
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Werner Heisenberg
~1926
Quantum Mechanics
• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
– Impossible to know both the velocity and
position of an electron at the same time
γ
Microscope
Electron
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Werner Heisenberg
~1926
Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)
Image taken from:
nobelprize.org/.../1933/schrodingerbio.html
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)
• In 1926, he further explained
the nature of electrons in an
atom by stating that the exact
location of an electron cannot be
stated; therefore, it is more
accurate to view the electrons in
regions called electron clouds;
electron clouds are places where
the electrons are likely to be
found
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from:
nobelprize.org/.../1933/schrodingerbio.html
Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)
• In 1926, he further explained
the nature of electrons in an
atom by stating that the exact
location of an electron cannot be
stated; therefore, it is more
accurate to view the electrons in
regions called electron clouds;
electron clouds are places where
the electrons are likely to be
found
• Did extensive work on the Wave
formula  Schrodinger equation
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from:
nobelprize.org/.../1933/schrodingerbio.html
Erwin Schrodinger
(1887-1961)
• In 1926, he further explained
the nature of electrons in an
atom by stating that the exact
location of an electron cannot be
stated; therefore, it is more
accurate to view the electrons in
regions called electron clouds;
electron clouds are places where
the electrons are likely to be
found
• Did extensive work on the Wave
formula  Schrodinger equation
• Won a Nobel Prize
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Image taken from:
nobelprize.org/.../1933/schrodingerbio.html
James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)
Tuesday, October 8, 13
James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/
dayintech_0227
Tuesday, October 8, 13
James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)
• Realized that the atomic mass of
most elements was double the
number of protons  discovery
of the neutron in 1932
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/
dayintech_0227
Tuesday, October 8, 13
James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)
• Realized that the atomic mass of
most elements was double the
number of protons  discovery
of the neutron in 1932
• Worked on the Manhattan
Project
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/
dayintech_0227
Tuesday, October 8, 13
James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)
• Realized that the atomic mass of
most elements was double the
number of protons  discovery
of the neutron in 1932
• Worked on the Manhattan
Project
• Worked with Ernest Rutherford
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/
dayintech_0227
Tuesday, October 8, 13
James Chadwick
(1891 – 1974)
• Realized that the atomic mass of
most elements was double the
number of protons  discovery
of the neutron in 1932
• Worked on the Manhattan
Project
• Worked with Ernest Rutherford
• Won a Nobel Prize
Image taken from:
www.wired.com/.../news/2009/02/
dayintech_0227
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Democritus &
John Dalton
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
- -- -
+
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
J.J. Thomson
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Ernest Rutherford
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Neils Bohr
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Erwin Schrodinger
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
Progression of the Atomic Model
The structure of an atom, according to:
Tuesday, October 8, 13
James Chadwick