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Population Dynamics (4.1) State Standard SB4C. Relate environmental conditions to successional changes in ecosystems. C A B Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Characteristics (AKA Demographics) Population Density The number of organisms per unit area Spatial Distribution Dispersion is the pattern of spacing of a population. Demography – the study of human population size, density, distribution, movement, and birth/death rates. Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Characteristics Population Density The number of organisms per unit area Spatial Distribution Dispersion is the pattern of spacing of a population. Uniform – equally dispersed – territorial animals Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Characteristics Population Density The number of organisms per unit area Spatial Distribution Dispersion is the pattern of spacing of a population. Uniform – equally dispersed – territorial animals Clumped – groups – herding animals Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Characteristics Population Density The number of organisms per unit area Spatial Distribution Dispersion is the pattern of spacing of a population. Uniform – equally dispersed – territorial animals Clumped – groups – herding animals Random – no pattern – usually based on resources Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Characteristics Cont’d Population Range A species might not be able to expand its population range because it cannot survive the abiotic conditions found in the expanded region. Common dolphin Pupfish Demography – the study of human population size, density, distribution, movement, and birth/death rates. Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population-Limiting Factors There are two categories of limiting factors— density-independent factors and densitydependent factors. Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Limiting Factors Cont’d Density-Independent Factors (generally abiotic) Any factor in the environment that does not depend on the number of members in a population per unit area is a density-independent factor. Weather events Fire Human alterations of the landscape Air, land, and water pollution Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Limiting Factors Cont’d Density-Dependent Factors Any factor in the environment that depends on the number of members in a population per unit area is a density-dependent factor. Biotic factors Disease Competition Parasites Population Biology Chapter 4 Population Ecology Population Growth Rate The population growth rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. Growth Rate is affected by… Limiting Factors Chapter 4 Population Ecology Population Growth Rate The population growth rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. Growth Rate is affected by… Limiting Factors Natality (# of births) Chapter 4 Population Ecology Population Growth Rate The population growth rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. Growth Rate is affected by… Limiting Factors Natality (# of births) Mortality (# of deaths) Chapter 4 Population Ecology Population Growth Rate The population growth rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. Growth Rate is affected by… Limiting Factors Natality (# of births) Mortality (# of deaths) Immigration (# of individuals entering) Chapter 4 Population Ecology Population Growth Rate The population growth rate (PGR) explains how fast a given population grows. Growth Rate is affected by… Limiting Factors Natality (# of births) Mortality (# of deaths) Immigration (# of individuals entering) Emigration (# of individuals exiting) Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Growth Rate Cont’d Exponential Growth Model Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate is proportional to the size of the population. Graph shows a J-shaped Curve! All populations grow exponentially until some limiting factor slows the population’s growth. Chapter 4 Population Ecology Population Growth Rate Cont’d Logistic Growth Model The population’s growth slows or stops following exponential growth, at the environment’s carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is the largest # of individuals an environment can support. Graph shows an S-shaped Curve! Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Population Growth Rate Cont’d A population stops increasing when natality is less than mortality or when emigration exceeds immigration. Carrying capacity is limited by the energy, water, oxygen, nutrients, & space, as well as other limiting factors. Chapter 4 Population Ecology Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Reproductive Patterns Species of organisms vary in the number of births per reproduction cycle, in the age that reproduction begins, and in the life span of the organism. Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Reproductive Patterns Cont’d The rate strategy, or r-strategy, is an adaptation for living in an environment where fluctuation in biotic or abiotic factors occur. An r-strategist is generally a small organism. Short life span Produces many offspring Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Population Dynamics Reproductive Patterns Cont’d The carrying-capacity strategy, or k-strategy, is an adaptation for living in stable environments. A k-strategist is generally a larger organism. Long life span Produces few offspring Chapter 4 Population Ecology Chapter Diagnostic Questions What term is used to describe the number of individuals moving into a population? A. emigration B. imitation C. immigration D. migration 0% A 0% B 1. A 0%2. 0%B 3. 4. C D C D Chapter 4 Population Ecology Chapter Diagnostic Questions What is population density? A. pattern of spacing of a population in an area B. number of organisms in an area C. characteristics of a population D. manner in which a population grows 0% A 0% B 1. A 0%2. 0%B 3. 4. C D C D Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Formative Questions Which is a density-dependent factor? A. disease B. fire C. flooding D. weather 0% A 0% B 1. A 0%2. 0%B 3. 4. C D C D Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Formative Questions Which is a density-independent factor? A. competition B. extreme cold C. parasites D. predation 0% A 0% B 1. A 0%2. 0%B 3. 4. C D C D Chapter 4 Population Ecology 4.1 Formative Questions Which factor can limit the carrying capacity of a population? A. emigration B. predation C. available nutrients D. extreme temperatures 0% A 0% B 1. A 0%2. 0%B 3. 4. C D C D Chapter 4 Population Ecology Chapter Assessment Questions Which type of population growth model does this graph represent? A. exponential B. spatial C. genetic D. logistic A B C 0% D D 0% C 0% B A 0% 1. 2. 3. 4. Chapter 4 Population Ecology Chapter Assessment Questions Use the graph to explain the growth of the mice population. Chapter 4 Population Ecology Standardized Test Practice The ecologist finds that over a 1000m2 plot of tundra, lemmings tend to concentrate in clumps in drier areas. What is the term for this pattern of spacing? A. density B. dispersion C. logistic spacing D. spatial distribution A B C D 0% D 0% C 0% B A 0% 1. 2. 3. 4. Chapter 4 Population Ecology Standardized Test Practice Brine shrimp are able to survive only in certain lakes that have a very high salt concentration. Which is the correct population characteristic of brine shrimp? A B 0%C D D 0% 1. 2. 0% 3. 4. C A 0% B A. It is density-dependent. B. It is limited by biotic factors. C. It has a limited spatial distribution. D. It is randomly dispersed in the environment. Chapter 4 Population Ecology Standardized Test Practice 0% 1. 2. 3. 0% 4. A B C 0% D D A 0% B A. Biotic factors have made survival difficult. B. The population has reached its carrying capacity. C. Density-independent factors have slowed the growth of the population. D. Immigration into the population has reached the maximum limit. C Why does the population growth level off at 10,000? Chapter 4 Population Ecology Standardized Test Practice Which organism is the best example of a k-strategist? 1. 2. 3. 4. 0% C 0% B A 0% A B C D 0% D A. wolf B. grasshopper C. rabbit D. whale