Download The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages
(The Medieval Period)
The Middle Ages
600
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1400
1200
1100
Label:
The Early Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages
The Late Middle Ages
1300
1500
Europe-Eastern
• Eastern Roman Empire
(330-1453)
– Justinian-Emperor
• 527-565
• Wanted to restore the Roman Empire
Map pg 304
• Most important contribution was the
codification of Roman law
– The Body of Civil Law
– Grew smaller in the 7th century
because of invasions by Muslims
and Bulgars
– Began calling it the Byzantine
Empire in the 8th century
Europe-Western & Eastern
• Eastern Roman Empire
– Constantinople-capital city
• The city was the chief center for the exchange of
products between West and East
• Building program of Justinian’s during the 6th
century
– Palace
– Churches
» Hagia Sophia
» Hippodrome-track for horse and chariot races
Europe-Western
• Western Roman Empire
– Fall of Rome 476 AD
– New Germanic Kingdoms, 500 (Map pg 286)
• Franks-the one that proved to be long-lasting
– Leader was Clovis who was the 1st Germanic leader to
convert to Christianity
• New Society of Germans & Romans
– Wergild
– ordeal
Europe-Western
• Western Roman
Empire
– Role of the Church
Bishop of Rome (Pope)
Bishopric
Bishopric
• Organization
– Papal Power Grew
• Gregory I (590-604)
– Served as leader of
Rome and surrounding
territories
– Increased spiritual
authority over the
Church through the
Monastic movement
Parish/
Priest
Parish/
Priest
Parish/
Priest
Parish/
Priest
Europe-Western
• Western Roman Empire
– The Monastic Movement
• Came to be seen as the ideal Christian society
– Dedication to God
– Good they did for society
» Provided schools
» Hospitality for travelers
» Hospitals
» Taught trade & agriculture
» Spread Christianity
Western Europe
• The Papal Monarchy
– Because of feudal system, clergy rec’d offices
as grants from nobles-worldly people
– 11th century-Pope Gregory VII
• Felt he was God’s “vicar on earth” and his power
extended over emperors
• He should be the one choosing church leaders
• Henry IV of Germany didn’t want this power taken
away
• 1122-Concordat of Worms
Western Europe
The Papal Monarchy
– The Church Supreme!
• Result of Pope Innocent III (1300s)
– Used spiritual weapons to accomplish power
» Interdict
• The Cistercians-11th Century
– Less time in seclusion and more time helping
people
• Nuns
– Landed aristocracy & female intellects
• Franciscans & Dominicans 13th century
– Poverty & lived in the world
– Dominicans worked to fight heresy
» The Inquisition
• Common people
–
–
–
–
Depended on the sacraments for salvation
Depended on the Saints (eg: Mary, the Mother of Jesus)
Relics-believed could heal or product other miracles
Pilgrimages-to Jerusalem, Rome (relics of Peter & Paul), and Santiago de
Compostela (relics of James)
Europe-Western & Eastern
• Western Roman Empire
– 600-700s Frankish kings lost power to the
mayors of the palace
• Pepin (son of Charles Martel-the man who had
gained love and respect of the Franks by winning
the Battle of Tours against the Muslims)
• Charles the Great (Charlemagne) Read pg 284
– After his death, his empire divided among his grandsons
– Local nobles gained power
– 9th & 10th century invasions by Vikings, Magyars, &
Mulims (Vikings given Normandy)
– Collapse of central authority led to Feudalism
Europe-Western & Eastern
• Western Roman Empire
– Feudalism
• Fief
• Feudal contract (chart pg 296)
• Knights-tournaments-chivalry
– Connections Around the World pg 293
• The Crusades helped to break down feudalism as
kings levied taxes and raised armies (11th-13th
centuries)
High Middle Ages
•
Western Roman Empire
– Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg
298)
A. England
•
•
1066-William of Normandy won the Battle of Hastings
– Normans merged w/English
– Census-Domesday Book
– System of taxation and royal courts
1154-1189 Henry II
• Increased power of the royal courts
• Body of common law
• Clash w/the church over trying clerics
• (Thomas á Becket-murdered)
High Middle Ages
•
Western Roman Empire
– Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg
298)
A. England
• 1215 King John
• Magna Carta or Great Charter
limits monarchs’ power
duties to each other-type of feudal
document
• 1200s Edward I
• The English Parliament emerged
High Middle Ages
•
Western Roman Empire
–
Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg 298)
B. France
•
•
•
•
•
Divided around 843
The west Frankish lands became France
987 Hugh Capet was chosen king (Capetian Dynasty)
1180-1223 King Philip II Augustus-gained Normandy area
Other kings expanded kingdom by gaining land
• By 1300 largest and best governed
• Philip IV-Philip the Fair
1302-began the Estates General
1st State-clergy
2nd State-nobles
3rd State-townspeople and peasants
High Middle Ages
•
Western Roman Empire
– Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg
298)
D. Central & Eastern Europe (map pg
300)
A. Western Slavs-Roman Catholic & Latin
culture
B. Eastern Slavs-Orthodox Christianity
C.Southern Slavs-most Orthodox
Christianity & Byzantine culture
High Middle Ages
•
Western Roman Empire
– Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg
298)
E. Russia
A. Eastern Slavs & natives were overrun by Viking Rus
A. 10th century-Oleg-principality of Kiev
gradually expanded land from the Baltic & Black
Seas to the Danube & Volga Rivers (map pg 301)
B. Orthodox Christianity-Vladimir
C. 1st Russian sate ended in 1169
D. 13th century-Mongols ruled Russia
A strong Russian prince, Alexander Nevsky, was
given the title of grand-prince by the khan & his
descendents became princes of Moscow and
eventually leaders of all Russia
High Middle Ages
• Eastern Roman Empire
– Macedonians ruled from 867-1081
• Enlarged the empire
• Downfall
– Incompetent successors
– Struggles for power between ambitious military leaders
and aristocratic families
– Seljuk Turks
» Crusades
» Emperor Alexius I asked Europeans for help
» Pope Urban II wanted to liberate Jerusalem and Holy
Land (Palestine) from the Muslims
High Middle Ages
•
Western Roman Empire
– Growth of European Kingdoms (map pg
298)
C. Holy Roman Empire
A. 962-Otto I was crowned emperor of the Romans
B. Frederick I & Frederick II tried to create a new empire
including northern Italy
C. This weakened Germany-no real power over Germany
or Italy
Peasants, Trade, & Cities
(1000-1500)
I.
The new agriculture
A.
B.
Climate change
Power-saving devices
A.
•
•
C.
D.
Water & wind
Iron tools
Carruca-heavy, wheeled plow with iron
plowshare
New horse collar & horseshoe
3 field system
The Manorial System
• Serfs were bound to the land
Revival of Trade
A.
The Crusades increased trade from Europe to Byzantine
Empire
By 12th century, trade fairs in France
B.
•
•
•
C.
Money economy
Banking
Commercial capitalism
Cities grew for trading
•
•
Burghers or bourgeoisie (merchants & artisans “a walled enclosure”)
Lords & kings sold liberties for town people
•
•
•
•
Eventually developed their own governments
Crowded and dirty
Public baths-closed by 14th century because of plague
Industry & Guilds
•
•
•
•
•
Business associations
Set prices and determined the number of people in trade
Apprentice
Journeyman
Master
Culture
• Universities-Guild
– 1st university-Bologna, Italy in 1158
• Law, medicine, or theology
• Theology (the study of religion)
– Scholasticism-tried to reconcile faith & reason
– Works of Greek philosophers with religion
» Thomas Aquinas-Summa Theological
– 12th Century-vernacular literature
• Troubadour poetry
• Chanson de geste (1100 Song of Roland)
Song of Roland (excerpt)
• Charles the King, our Lord and Sovereign,
Full seven years hath sojourned in Spain,
Conquered the land, and won the western
main, Now no fortress against him doth
remain, 5 No city walls are left for him to
gain, Save Sarraguce, that sits on high
mountain. Marsile its King, who feareth not
God's name, Mahumet's man, he invokes
Apollin's aid, Nor wards off ills that shall to
him attain.
Architecture (pg 332)
• Basilica-flat roof/rectangular buildings
• 11th-12th centuries-Romanesque
– Barrel vault or cross vault ceiling
– Thick wall and pillars
– Dark on inside
• 12th-13th centuries-Gothic
–
–
–
–
Ribbed vaults & pointed arches
Upward to heaven
Flying buttress
Magnificent stained glass windows
The Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)
A. The Black Death
1. Cause
• Brought by traders from the Black Sea to southern
Europe in 1347 (map pg 336)
• Approx. ½ of Europe’s population died
• Didn’t know what started it
•
Theory-sent by God
•
Anit-Semitism (pg 341)
2. Social & Economic Impact
1. Less trade/less workers made labor rates go up
2. Peasants bargained to pay rent because labor costs were
high and rents were low-this released many from serfdom
The Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)
A. The Decline of Church Power
I need more money. I
want to tax the Church.
Not unless the Pope
decrees it!
Boniface died
because of the
shock of the
ordeal
Tried to have
Boniface
arrested
Pope Boniface VIII
Philip IV of France
(Philip the Fair)
The Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)
The Decline of Church Power
Engineered the appointment of Clement V
Philip IV of France
(Philip the Fair)
Philip IV of France
(Philip the Fair)
The commoners did not like
the papacy being at Avignonshould be at Rome. Also,
popes living in wealth
The Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)
The Decline of Church Power
1377-Pope Gregory returned to Rome, but soon died!
Citizens of Rome told the cardinals they would not leave Rome alive unless an
Italian was appointed.
So, Pope Urban VI is chosen! (Italian)
The French declared the appointment invalid and chose a Frenchman & he moved
To Avignon!!!
The Great
Schism
1378-1417
Pope Urban VI
The Late Middle Ages (1300-1500)
The Decline of Church Power
1417-Council met in
Switzerland; both Popes
resigned and a new
Pope elected.
The Church lost its
political power!
The 100 Years War
1337-1453
• Map pg 339
• French tried to take the Duchy of Gascony
• Turning point of battle-not knights, but
peasant foot soldiers, won major battles
• Joan of Arc inspired the French
• French won with the help of the cannon
Political Recovery
• France
– Strong feeling of nationalism
– King Louis XI
• Taille-direct tax on land or property
• England
– Civil War-War of the Roses
– Lasted until 1485 when Henry VII started the
Tudor Dynasty
• Worked to create a strong royal government
– Thrifty so didn’t overburden and won public support
– Abolished nobles’ private armies
Political Recovery
• Spain
– Isabella of Castille married Ferdinand of
Aragon in 1469
•
•
•
•
Major step to unite Spain
Strict conformity to Catholicism
1492 expelled Jews from Spain
1502 expelled all Muslims
Political Recovery
• No Holy Roman Empire-Germany divided
into hundreds of states
• Eastern Europe
– Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox,
Christians, Mongols, Muslims
– Russia
• Ivan III
– Threw off the rule of the Mongols
– A new Russian, expanding state was born