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Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Samson W. Fine, MD Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center AJCC 8TH EDITION – PROSTATE TEAM • Multidisciplinary effort • • • • • Radiation Oncology Urologic Surgery Urologic Oncology Biostatistics Pathology Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer • National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) • Recent publications since 2008 (7th edition) – Focus on quality of manuscripts • Literature watch from UICC • Levels of evidence (and Guiding Principles) • Guidance of local & national leaders AJCC Levels of Evidence I. Includes consistent results from multiple large, well-designed and wellconducted national/international studies in appropriate patient populations with appropriate end points and treatments. Prospective/retrospective population-based registry studies acceptable. II. Is obtained from at least one large, well-designed and well-conducted study in appropriate patient populations with appropriate end points and with external validation III. Somewhat problematic because of one or more factors: number, size or quality of individual studies; inconsistency of results across individual studies; appropriateness of patient population or outcomes IV. Insufficient because appropriate studies have not yet been performed Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer How elements were excluded • Based on available data • Critical review of level of evidence • Examples of topics that fell below acceptable level: • Imaging (e.g. MRI) • Molecular markers • Imaging (does have a new section): • “…inter-observer reproducibility, issues with patient selection and contradictory results have limited the utility of imaging in clinical staging.” Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Summary of changes: Comparison of 7th & 8th editions 7th EDITION • Extraprostatic extension in the form of microscopic bladder neck invasion changed from pT4 to pT3a • Gleason score recognized as the preferred grading system • Prognostic factors incorporated into the Prognostic Stage Groups (GS; PSA) Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer 8TH EDITION • Definition of Primary Tumor: pathologically organ-confined disease = pT2; no longer subclassified by extent of involvement or laterality • Histologic Grade: GS (2014 criteria) and Grade Group [GrdGrp] should both be reported • AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups: Stage III includes select OC tumors based on PSA and/or GS/GrdGrp Organ-confined disease • 1992: pT2a, b, c • 1997: pT2a, b • 2002: pT2a, b, c • 2010: pT2a, b, c Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Evidence to change pT2 classification • Substaging does not convey prognostic information • Correlation between cT & pT substaging poor • Unilateral large tumor would be assigned lower pT stage than 2 small b/l cancers • Poor reproducibility: <1/2 v. >1/2 lobe Stephenson et al. Cancer 2004;100:1646-1649 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Summary of Changes #1: Definition of Primary Tumor • Pathologically organ-confined disease is considered pT2 and no longer sub-classified by extent of involvement or laterality (III) Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer PROGNOSTIC GRADE GROUPS BJU Int 2013; 111:753-760 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer • 5 institutions • 21K patients: RP • 16K patients: NB • 5.5K patients: RT • GrdGrp 1 v. GS 6 • discrimination GS7: • GrdGrp 2 v. 3 Eur Urol 2016;69:428-435 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Br J Cancer 2016;114:1078-1083 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Eur Urol 2016;69:1135-1141 Summary of Changes #2: Histologic Grade • Gleason score (2014 criteria) & Grade Group should both be reported (II) Grade Group 1 2 3 4 5 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Gleason Score ≤6 7 7 8 9 or 10 Gleason Pattern(s) ≤3+3 3+4 4+3 4+4 (3+5/5+3) 4+5, 5+4, or 5+5 2016 WHO GU Classification Table 3.03 Grade group 1: Gleason score < 6 Only individual discrete well-formed glands Grade group 2: Gleason score 3+4=7 Predominantly well-formed glands with lesser component of poorly formed / fused / cribriform glands Grade group 3: Gleason score 4+3=7 Predominantly poorly formed / fused / cribriform glands with lesser component of well-formed glands Grade group 4: Gleason score 4+4=8; 3+5=8; 5+3=8 Only poorly formed / fused / cribriform glands Predominantly well-formed glands and lesser component lacking glands Predominantly lacking glands and lesser component of well-formed glands Grade group 5: Gleason scores 9-10 Lack gland formation (or with necrosis) with or without poorly formed / fused / cribriform glands Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Revisions to CAP Protocols • In addition to Primary/Secondary/Tertiary Gleason patterns and Total Gleason Score • Grade Group ___ Grade group 1 ___ Grade group 2 ___ Grade group 3 ___ Grade group 4 ___ Grade group 5 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups Prognostic Stage Group I IIA IIB IIC IIIA IIIB IIIC IVA IVB T N M PSA Grade Group cT1a-c, cT2a pT2 cT1a-c, cT2a cT2b-c T1-2 T1-2 T1-2 T1-2 T3-4 Any T Any T Any T N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N1 N0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M1 < 10 < 10 ≥ 10 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 ≥ 20 Any Any Any Any 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1–4 1–4 5 Any Any Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:1346-1352 Stage I includes a pT staged tumor Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups Prognostic Stage Group I IIA IIB IIC IIIA IIIB IIIC IVA IVB T N M PSA Grade Group cT1a-c, cT2a pT2 cT1a-c, cT2a cT2b-c T1-2 T1-2 T1-2 T1-2 T3-4 Any T Any T Any T N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N0 N1 N0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M0 M1 < 10 < 10 ≥ 10 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 < 20 ≥ 20 Any Any Any Any 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 1–4 1–4 5 Any Any Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Summary of Changes #3: AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups • Stage II further subdivided by Gleason Score/Grade Group •Stage III includes select organ-confined tumors based on PSA and Gleason Score/Grade Group (II) Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer AJCC-Prostate Registry Data Collection Variables • Tertiary/Limited Gleason patterns (prostatectomy) • Number of cores positive / # of cores examined • For + cores: u/l, b/l, beyond prostate • Metastatic sites Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools • 15 available prognostic models evaluated = multivariable model where factors predict a clinical outcome in the future • 13 models rejected, including all 8 for localized disease • 2 models met all of the criteria – both based on data from large phase III trials in metastatic pts. that were externally validated Approved Prognostic Tool Reference Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer Halabi et al. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:671-677 Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with second-line therapy Halabi et al. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013;105:17291737 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Precision Medicine Core Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria • Inclusion Criteria: • Inclusion Criteria: • OS/DSS/DSM • Calibration assessed & provided • Model addresses clinically relevant Q • Model validated over time frame / in practice setting relevant to contemporary pts. • Model includes relevant predictors • Validation study: which pts. used to evaluate & data sets I/E criteria • Generalizability & external validation • What treatment(s) were applied if any and with what frequency • Development +/- validation of prediction model appears as peer-reviewed journal article • Well-defined prognostic time zero • All predictors known at time zero and clearly defined • Sufficient detail to implement model (i.e. equation) or free access to it • Measure of discrimination must be reported (usually as CI) on the validation data sets (VDS) Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer • Exclusion Criteria: • Substantial proportion of pts. with no follow-up in VDS • No info on # of pts. w/ missing values in VDS • # of events in VDS is small What’s Not Included • Tumor Volume • Extent of extraprostatic extension (EPE) • Subclassification of (+) Surgical Margins Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Tumor Volume/Size • Well-established correlation with grade, stage, tumor progression • Visual estimate quantitation and/or maximum diameter • Fail to show IPV • No accepted standard for measurement of tumor volume • Needs to be appropriate for routine clinical practice • Even “objective” measures subject to issues of: • Total v. subtotal embedding • Processing effects: shrinkage; irregular sectioning • Dominant/index tumor v. overall volume/size Tumor Quantitation Intraglandular extent (%) Maximum size of dominant nodule (mm) International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting Tumor Quantitation % of prostate involved by tumor Tumor size (dominant nodule, if present): Greatest dimension: + Additional dimensions: CAP Protocols Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer mm x mm PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA Prostatic Capsule • Not a true “capsule” • Condensation of fibromuscular stroma • Covers most of the posterolateral prostate • Anterior / Apex / Bladder neck • Indistinct • Not present The Prostatic “Capsule”: Does It Exist? Ayala AG, et al. Am J Surg Pathol 1989 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA Prognostic Factors for PSA Progression • Prognostic Factor P Risk Ratio • Preop PSA .001 1.02 • Gleason sum .001 2.01 • Tumor volume .704 1.01 • Level of PCI .001 • Level 3F vs 0-2 .019 2.03 • Level 3E vs 0-2 .001 3.88 • SVI .002 2.00 Wheeler TM et al. Hum Pathol • +LN .001 2.55 1998; 29:856-862 Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer • 10,750 RP pts. • No EPE: 7843 (73%) • F-EPE: 1258 (12%) • NF-EPE: 1649 (15%) Extent of Extaprostatic Extension Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Urology 2015;85:161-164 Surgical Margin Positivity pT2, +SM Tumor at inked margin in an area of capsular incision Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer pT3a, +SM Tumor at inked margin in an area of extraprostatic extension Positive Surgical Margins: Meta-Analysis J Urol 2009; 182:1357-1363 pT2 pT3a pT3b GS6 GS7 GS>8 Number and extent of M+ correlated with BCR Did not improve predictive accuracy v. +/- margin alone Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Further Subclassification of +SM Margin status • Independent Predictive Value for BCR Gleason score at margin [if >1 +SM, record highest score]: REC • Location • Extent • One v. multiple • Length in mm • Grade at +SM (GG, GS) • Limited follow up • Limited # of events **Lack of randomized study to see if early adjuvant RT = decreased risk of BCR Location(s): REQ Extent (total) [if >1 +SM, record cumulative length]: REC International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting Margins Margin involved by invasive carcinoma: Focal (<3mm) REQ Nonfocal (>3mm) Linear length of +SM: mm REC Location of +SM: REQ Gleason PATTERN at +SM: Pattern 3 REC Pattern 4 or 5 CAP Protocols Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Disclosure of Relevant Financial Relationships USCAP requires that all faculty in a position to influence or control the content of CME disclose any relevant financial relationship WITH COMMERCIAL INTERESTS which they or their spouse/partner have, or have had, within the past 12 months, which relates to the content of this educational activity and creates a conflict of interest. Dr. Samson W. Fine declares he has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose. Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer Updates in TNM Staging of Prostate Cancer: References Andreoiu M, Cheng L. Multifocal prostate cancer: biologic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Hum Pathol. 2010;41(6):781-793. Ayala AG, Ro JY, Babaian R, et al. The prostatic capsule: does it exist? Its importance in the staging and treatment of prostatic carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 1989;13(1):21-27. Ball MW, Partin AW, Epstein JI. Extent of extraprostatic extension independently influences biochemical recurrence-free survival: evidence for further pT3 subclassification. Urology. 2015;85(1):161-164. Berney DM, Beltran L, Fisher G, et al. Validation of a contemporary prostate cancer grading system using prostate cancer death as outcome. Br J Cancer. 2016;114(10):1078-1083. Cao D, Kibel AS, Gao F, et al. The Gleason score of tumor at the margin in radical prostatectomy is predictive of biochemical recurrence. 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Wheeler TM, Dillioglugil O, Kattan MW, et al. Clinical and pathological significance of the level and extent of capsular invasion in clinical stage T1-2 prostate cancer. Hum Pathol. 1998;29(8):856-862.