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Section
4
Objectives
•
Identify the goals of Christopher Columbus.
•
Explain the consequences of his journey to
the Americas.
•
Analyze the effects of European contact with
the people of the Americas.
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Terms and People
•
Bartolomeu Dias – Portuguese mariner who
sailed around southern Africa in 1487
•
Vasco da Gama – Portuguese mariner who sailed
around southern Africa to India in 1498
•
Christopher Columbus – Italian mariner sailing
for Spain who in 1492 sailed west to reach Asia
but reached the islands of the Caribbean instead
•
John Cabot – Genoese mariner employed by the
English who sailed to Newfoundland in 1497
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
Pedro Alvarez Cabral – Portuguese mariner who
reached the coast of Brazil in 1500
•
Amerigo Vespucci − Genoese mariner who
explored South America’s coast in 1501;
Europeans mapmakers called the new continents
America, a variant of his name
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Ferdinand Magellan − mariner whose
1519−1522 expedition succeeded in encircling
the globe
•
conquistador − Spanish soldier who explored
and conquered central Mexico
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Terms and People
(continued)
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Hernán Cortés − conquistador who invaded
present-day Mexico in 1519 and conquered the
Aztecs
•
Moctezuma − Aztec ruler
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Columbian Exchange − the global exchange of
plants, animals, ideas, and diseases between
Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas after
Columbus made his first transatlantic voyage in
1492
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How did European exploration affect
the Americas?
With the goal of reaching Asia, European
sailors continued their journeys of exploration.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the
Americas, planning to conquer the land, exploit
its wealth, and convert its people to Christianity–
a pattern followed by later explorers.
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In the 1400s, the Portuguese sought a route
to India, the East Indies, and China.
Bartolomeu
Dias
•
In 1487, Dias used the winds of the
South Atlantic to get around the
southern tip of Africa.
Vasco da
Gama
•
In 1498, da Gama exploited Dias’s
discovery to reach India, opening an
enormously profitable trade route.
The Portuguese dominated the trade routes
south and east around Africa.
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By default, the Spanish looked westward
into the open Atlantic.
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The Spanish hoped to find islands in the west
that they could exploit.
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They also hoped that, by leaping from one set
of islands to another, explorers could one day
reach the coveted coast of China.
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The Italian mariner
Christopher Columbus
had heard stories about mysterious
lands to the west.
Columbus was determined
to make a westward
voyage in search of China.
He hoped to convert the
Chinese to Christianity and
use their wealth to begin a
new crusade against Islam.
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Funded by Spain, in 1492 Columbus reached
the Bahamas, which he claimed for Spain.
In all, Columbus
made four voyages
to what he thought
was the East
Indies, near Asia.
He used force to
conquer Native
Americans on the
islands.
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Columbus had not
reached Asia, but he
had found a land that
would bring riches and
power to European
Christendom—at the
expense of Native
Americans and African
slaves.
Section
4
Columbus’s Voyages, 1492-1504
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In 1494, Spain and Portugal negotiated
the Treaty of Tordesillas.
•
The treaty drew a boundary line through the midAtlantic, giving the Spanish lands west of the line
and the Portuguese lands east of the line.
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Other European kings refused to honor the treaty.
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No one bothered to consult the Native Americans.
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Other explorers
soon confirmed
that, by sailing
west, Columbus
had reached
the shores of
two continents
previously
unknown to
Europeans.
•
John Cabot sailed to
Newfoundland in 1497.
•
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
reached the coast of Brazil
in 1500.
•
Amerigo Vespucci
explored South America’s
coast in 1501.
•
The crew of Ferdinand
Magellan finished circling
the globe in 1522.
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Conquistadors extended Spain’s empire in
the Americas, treating Native Americans
brutally in the process.
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The Spanish killed or enslaved thousands of
Native Americans.
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Many were forced to convert to Christianity.
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The Spanish destroyed their cities, stole their
gold, and exploited their natural resources.
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With steel-edged swords, guns,
and horses, the conquistadors
destroyed native civilizations.
Hernán Cortés
conquered the Aztecs.
Francisco Pizarro
defeated the Incas.
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Even more
deadly
than brutal
attacks,
however,
was
disease.
Europeans
unknowingly
transmitted
new
diseases to
native
populations.
With no
natural
defenses,
huge
numbers of
Native
Americans
died.
As Native American populations fell, the
Spanish turned to African slaves for the labor
they needed to build their growing colonies.
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Europeans who came to the Americas in
the 1400s began the Columbian Exchange.
•
Colonists brought European plants and animals
to the Americas.
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This affected Native Americans in both positive
and negative ways, but they adapted.
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People in Europe increased their yields by
growing plants from the Americas.
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The Columbian Exchange
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The Columbian Exchange helped trigger
enormous population shifts around the world.
European
Population
Growth
•
Large harvests aided by new
American crops caused the European
population to grow from 80 million in
1492 to 180 million by 1800.
Native
American
Population
Decline
•
The Native American proportion of
the global population collapsed from
7 percent in 1492 to less than 1
percent in 1800.
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Section
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Section Review
QuickTake Quiz
Know It, Show It Quiz
The Cold War
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