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Brain Presentation
Jiseung Kang, Isa Lopez, Crystal Carrillo
Functions of the Brain
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Thinking or Cognition
Perception or sensing
Emotion or feeling
Behaviour
Physical or Somatic
Signaling
Development of the brain
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First developed after 3 weeks of conception.
Fore, Mid and Hind brain for at one end of neural tube at 5 weeks
Cerebrum begins to form at 13 weeks
Cerebellum appears
Division of the brain
● Three parts of the brain
Forebrain
o Midbrain
o Hindbrain
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Forebrain
● Also known as
prosencephalon
● Nerves
o Olfactory (Sensory) Smell
o Optic nerve (Sensory) Vision
Midbrain
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Also known as mesencephalon
Midbrain connects forebrain and
hindbrain
Nerves
o Oculomotor (Primarily motor) - Eye
movement upward, downward and
inward
o Trochlear (Primarily motor) Movement of eyes
Hindbrain
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Also known as rhomnencephalon
It contains medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum
Nerves
o Vestibulocochlear (Sensory) - Hearing and
Equilibrium
o Abducens (Primarily motor) - Eye movement
o Accessory (Primarily motor) - Head movement
o Hypoglossal (Primarily motor) - Tongue
o Trigeminal (Mixed) - Somatosensory information from
face to head
o Facial (Mixed) - Taste, Face expression
o Glossopharyngeal (Mixed) - Taste, Swallowing
o Vagus (Mixed) - Speech, Swallowing
Cerebrum
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Function- In charge of thinking and action
○ Largest part of human brain
○ Interprets Impulses
○ Initiates voluntary muscle movements
○ Stores info as memory
○ Retrieves info for reasoning
Four Lobes of Cerebrum
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Frontal Lobe: reasoning, planning, parts of
speech, movement, emotions, & problem
solving
Parietal Lobe: movement, orientation,
recognition, & perception of stimuli
Occipital Lobe: visual processing
Temporal Lobe: perception & recognition of
auditory stimuli, memory, & speech
Cerebellum
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Little brain- regulation and coordination of
movement, posture and balance
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Cerebral Ventricles
○ Two lateral ventricles:
■ Location- Extend anteriorly and
posteriorly in cerebral
hemispheres
■ Function: Protects brain from
trauma
● Contains CSF
Cerebral Ventricles Cont.
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Third Ventricle
o Location- Midline of brain underneath
corpus callosum
o Connected to fourth ventricle via
cerebral aqueduct
Fourth Ventricle
o Location- In brainstem just in front of
cerebellum
o Continuous with central canal of
spinal cord
o Choroid plexus
o CNS
o CSF
Brainstem
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Brainstem: located underneath the limbic system,
responsible for vital life functions like breathing,
heartbeats, & blood pressure. “Simplest” part of
human brain made of three part
○ Midbrain: rostral part of brain stem that includes
the tectum and tegmentum. Functions include;
vision, hearing, eye movement, and body
movement.
○ Pons: part of the metencephalon in the hindbrain,
involved in motor control and sensory analysis
○ Medulla Oblongata: biggest part of Brainstem,
between pons and spinal cord in charge of
breathing and heart rate
Limbic System
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Limbic System “emotional brain”:
buried
within the cerebrum. Consists of;
o Thalamus: sensory and motor functions
o Hypothalamus: homeostasis, emotion, thirst,
hunger, circadian rhythms, & control of
autonomic nervous system and controls the
pituitary.
o Amygdala: memory, emotion, & fear
o Hippocampus: Learning and memory, converts
short term memory into permanent memory
and recalling relationships.
Layers of the meninges
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Function : Protect Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerve roots
Dura Mater - composed of tough, white dense connective tissue
○ the outermost layer
○ Attached to inner surface of skull
○ Subdural hematomas
Arachnoid Mater - Webbing of fibers and collage,
○ The middle layer
○ subarachnoid space
○ Lack of blood vessels
○ Cerebrospinal fluid
Pia Mater
○ Innermost layer
○ Attached to surface of brain and spinal cord by astrocytes
○ Supplies blood to the brain
○ Production of cerebrospinal fluid
Reflex
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Definition: involuntary and relatively stereotyped
response to a specific sensory stimulus.
Spinal reflexes are the sensory stimuli arise
from receptors in muscles, joints and skin, and
in which the neural circuitry responsible for the
motor response is entirely contained within the
spinal cord.
Reflex
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Brain stem reflexes: such as gagging and vestibulo-ocular reflex
knee jerk reflex: stretch reflex.
Spinal reflex: the stretch reflex, simplest reflex known
Works cited
"12 Cranial Nerves." 12 Cranial Nerves RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
"Behavioral Problems of TBI." Behavioral Problems of TBI. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
"Brain Function (by Lobes)." Brain Function (by Lobes). N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
"Functions of the Brain." Functions of the Brain. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
"Meninges and Nerves." Spinal Meninges Anatomy, Diagram & Function. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
"Overview of the Cranial Nerves." - Cranial Nerve Disorders. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.
"Overview of the Cranial Nerves." - Cranial Nerve Disorders. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2015.