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World History Mr. Corrigan 4.1 Early People of the Aegean Geography of Greece - surrounded by water- Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and Mediterranean Sea - mountains! - Climate – moderate temperature Crete- early civilization that adopted ideas from Egypt & Mesopotamia and influenced Greeks Knossos-town where the palace in which many rulers lived was located Religious shrines-areas dedicated to the honor of gods and goddesses Frescoes-watercolor paintings done on wet plaster Mycenaeans-European people who conquered the Greek mainland before overrunning Crete - trade = wealth Trojan War o Legend & actual event o Why did it occur? Straits-narrow passages of water Helen of Troy- captured by Trojan prince, Paris, and Mycenaeans sailed to troy to rescue her Homer - Wrote Iliad- source of info about Trojan War & story of Achilles and OdysseyGreek hero Odysseus returning home from Trojan War - Values of archaic Greeks- honor, courage, eloquence 4.2 The Rise of Greek City-States Polis = city-state New governments - Monarchy- a hereditary ruler exercises central power - Aristocracy- rule by a hereditary landholding elite Oligarchy – rule by a smallStudy wealthy Guide elite,2 not hereditary 10/4/11 - Democracy- government by the people Athens & Sparta - How are they different? Athens focused on culture, while Sparta focused on their army. - Role of Women-Athenian women had no political life & were housekeepers. Spartan women were taken care of so they could produce healthy sons for the army. - Education – taught math, Greek language/literature, art, logic, music, science and rhetoric for public speaking - Government- a limited democracy - Why do they eventually go to war? Greek revolt Corinth - Not everyone can go there. Why? Living in the city was very expensive and it had a high standard of living. Rise of Democracy - 3 reasons: colonies, democranization of war, “tyrants” Tyrants - How are Greek Tyrants different from modern tyrants? Greek tyrants governed well, while modern tyrants are brutal rulers. Solon - “Isonomia” – equality before law - “Ecclesia” – assembly of citizens o Quorum – assembly of citizens that established voting procedures - Economic reforms – what? Why are they helpful, democratic? - Outlaw debt slavery Pisistratus - lands and loans to poor - building projects Cleisthenes - Council of 500 - Debated & voted on laws - Male citizens served 1 year terms and could serve up to 2x to avoid 1 person from getting too much power - Who could participate in the Assembly? All citizens - Requirements to be a citizen… - Common Greek Culture - view of the foreigners- Foreigners were called barbaroi, or barbarians - religion- polytheistic. Religion was very important to the Greeks. - Language 4.3 Conflict in the Greek World Persian Wars - # 1- Greeks rebelled against Persian rule - Marathon- Persians greatly outnumbered Athens, but Athens won. - Pheidippides - Darius I- Persian leader who was angry at Athens for uprising - #2 (Have you ever seen 300? Me neither…)- Xerxes takes over for his father and sends more troops in 480 BC - Themistocles- urged Greeks to build a fleet of ships - Xerxes- Darius’s son - King Leonidas- led Spartans - Thermopylae- narrow mountain pass where a small Spartan force gathered - Burned Athens - Strait of Salamis o What advantage did the Athenian navy have? Large navy Consequences of Persian Wars - Delian League formed - $$ Athens o Rebuild, create empire o Golden Age - Athens has strongest navy The Peloponnesian War - Why did it occur? Sparta & allies form Peloponnesian League to rival Delian League, and war breaks out - Advantages of both sides Athens- naval superiority, money from Delian League, long walls of Athens Sparta- strongest army, located inland, safe from Athenian army - What contributed to Athens losing? Athens wanted to avoid fighting on land and was under siege from Sparta - Plague, loss at Syracuse (I dislike Syracuse…)destroyed much of the Athenian fleet Consequences of the Athenian Defeat- Greek domination declines and power rises in Macedonia 4.4 The Glory that was Greece “Golden Age of Greece” - Why was it “Golden”? time of peace, more money - 4 reasons Direct Democracy - why is it different now? - Stipend - Juries - OstracismCulture - Art, Architecture - Characteristics of Greek Art- glorified human beings and combined beauty and usefulness - Golden Ratio- 5/3, was aesthetically pleasing - Literature- tragic dramas and comedies - Playwrights - History o Herodotus- “Father of History”, gathered info using secondary sources o Thucydides- History of the Peloponnesian War, used primary sources Philosophy - What does “philosopher” mean? “lovers of wisdom” - Socrates o Gadfly of Athens o Socratic Method- asked series of questions to challenge people to think about their answers o What happened to him?- put on trial for corrupting the city’s youth and was executed. - Plato - o The Republic- described his vision of an ideal state o Perfect government/ society o Who is on top? Philosophers o Why? They were wise and could ensure order & justice. o Allegory of the Cave- Philosophers were wise, but other people thought they were crazy and rejected them because of their knowledge. Aristotle o Golden Mean- a perfect way of living o Thoughts on democracy- thought it could lead to mob rule o Lyceum- a school for a study of all branches of knowledge 4.5 - Alexander and the Hellenistic Age Philip II - Battle of Chaeronea- battle where Phillip II defeated Athens & Thebes - League of Corinth- Assassination- assassinated at mother’s wedding Alexander - Crosses the Dardanelles - Granicus and Issus Darius III Conquers Persian Empire How does Alexander die? Fever What happens to his empire? It is divided between 3 generals Legacy of Alex and Hellenistic Age - Assimilation- blending of cultures - Alexandria, Egypt o Pharos-lighthouse, library - Scholarly works - New ways of thinking o Archimedes- “father of physics” o Hippocrates- studied causes of illnesses and looked for cures o Pythagoras- Pythagorean theorem - Role of women- could be educated and become leaders Don’t Forget To Study The Map!!