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Transcript
Mohenjo-daro Indus Valley Civilization 2500-1500 BC Best preserved Indus city Complex city organized on a grid pattern Urbanized society, supported by surrounding agriculture Central authority existed because signs of organized/structured engineering – City built using same size fire-kiln bricks – Trading/commercial activity present – Zoning for different workers Fig 6 – seal of Brahmani bull Fig 8 – seal of yogi figure Fig 10 – terracotta mother goddess figure Fig 14 – bust of priest king/deity Harappa Indus Valley Civilization 2500-1500 BC Similar to Mohenjo-daro High citadel, great bath, granary Fig 12 – torso of male dancing figure Fig 13 – male torso Yogi/yoga posture Represent physical/mental discipline Also called the lotus position (triangular form) Yoga practiced to gain profound knowledge Yogi/guru = teacher who takes apprentices (ex. Buddha) Fig 8 – seal of yogi figure Fig 53 – Buddha’s 1st sermon Prana Inner breath; swelling breath of life Indian concept of yogic breath control used in sculptures to signify inner life and vitality Prominent belly symbolizes physical and spiritual well-being Fig 12 & 13 – male torsos from Harappa Fig 117 – Shiva Nataraja Indra Aryan God of the heavens, hurler of thunderbolts Praised for helping Aryans defeat the Dravidians/Dasas Fig 28 – reliefs of Surya and Indra Fig 52 – Queen Maya giving birth Reincarnation Viewed as negative because the world is full of pain and suffering Life is transitory and people are reborn constantly into this world (samsara) Not much art exists from this period Fig 25 – Dream of Maya Buddha literally means “the enlightened, awake one” Prince Siddharta Gautama 566-468 BC 4 events: birth, enlightenment, first sermon, death left palace in search of reason for human suffering became an ascetic, gained salvation through self-denial sat under Bodhi tree, saw death & rebirth as inevitable 4 Noble Truths + 8 Fold Path organized society of monks, preached until 80 Fig 52 – Queen Maya giving birth Fig 53 – Buddha’s Enlightenment Fig 54 – 1st Sermon at Deer Park & Death Sutras canonical scriptures that are regarded as records of the oral teachings of Buddha Fig 18 – edict pillars Dharma the way of the higher Truths social order, right conduct, virtue Fig 68 – Bodhisattva Maitreya Fig 69 – Buddha on a lion throne Fig 16 – sarnath lion capital (dharma chakra) Ascetic/ascetism A life characterized by austerity; refraining from worldly pleasures Practiced to achieve greater spirituality/enlightenment Fig 53 – Buddha’s enlightenment Any other Buddha art Siddharta/Shakyamuni Buddha’s given/birth name Any Buddha art The Lion’s Roar The act of Buddha preaching what he learned through enlightenment Fig 54 – 1st Sermon at Deer Park Fig 16 – Sarnath Lion Capital 4 Noble Truths Life is suffering The reason for suffering is desire Suffering must be caused to cease by overcoming desire Suffering will cease if one finds the path to deliverance (Eightfold Path) Fig 53 & 54 – Buddha’s Enlightenment and 1st Sermon Fig 18 – edict pillar 8-Fold Path Right knowledge/understanding Right purpose/resolve Right speech Right conduct/action Right occupation or a livelihood conducive to salvation, preferably the monastic life Right effort Right awareness/self-mastery Right meditation Fig 53, 54, 18 Nirvana/parinirvana Unconditioned existence; freedom from reincarnation; never to be reborn again Achieved by Buddha at death Parinirvana = final nirvana; achieved at death of an enlightened figure Fig 53 Fig 27 – Bhaja chaitya hall Fig 54 – Death of Buddha Theravada 1 branch of Buddhism – “way of the elders” adheres to original teachings of Buddha did not allow images of Buddha adopted by Ashoka as state religion (Mauryan) now in Indonesia and other southern countries Fig 18 – edict pillar erected by Ashoka Mahayana Another branch of Buddhism adopted by Kushans Less confined within the monastery, more participation among lay people Look toward a group of saints (Bodhisattvas) to aid in salvation New Buddha icon created Now in China, Japan, Korea Fig 55 – Bodhisattva from Gandhara Fig 48 – Buddha from Gandhara Emperor Ashoka Greatest ruler of the Mauryan Period Originally brutal, cruel, led many invasions/attacks on Indian states Eventually converted to Buddhism and followed code of righteous living Built shrines/monuments to commemorate Buddha Practiced religious tolerance, peace, dharma Unified empire using religion Fig 16 – Sarnath Lion Capital Fig 18 – edict pillar Aniconic Aniconic art has no images Early Buddhist art does not contain Buddha Instead used symbols (lion, wheel, lotus flower) Fig 16 – lion capital Fig 18 – edict pillar Stupa Hemispherical monument symbolizing Buddhist path toward enlightenment Originally a burial mound containing ashes Many raised inside chaitya halls Fig 37 – Great Stupa at Sanchi Capital Sculpture that sits on top of a column, usually an animal Lion is the most commonly depicted Fig 16 – lion capital Fig 18 – edict pillar with capital Axis mundi Center of the earth Represented by edict pillars Writing on it meant to be universally understood Knowledge goes out/spreads in all directions Fig 18 – edict pillar Chakravartin Universal ruler; holder of the wheel of the law Ashoka = worldly chakravartin Buddha = holy chakravartin Fig 16 – lion capital Yakshi Female earth spirit Represents nature/fertility Primordial figures from nature Major characters in Mauryan style Fig 21 – yakshi from Didarganj Fig 34 – yakshi Chandra at north gate of Bharhut stupa Yaksha Male fertility god Mauryan period Fig 22 & 23 – yakshas from Patna and Parkham Mt. Meru Source of the Ganges River Represented by stupa base; signifies that Buddha is the center of the world Fig 31 – chaitya hall and stupa at Karli Fig 37 – Great stupa at Sanchi Circumambulate To walk clockwise on the stupa with right shoulder inside Aligns with cosmic forces of the sun and the wheel of Buddha Fig 37 – Great stupa at Sanchi Fig 26 – plans for chaitya hall at Bhaja Chaitya hall Buddhist worship hall containing stupa Monks can now meditate indoors (esp during monsoon season) Represent nirvana Originally wood, then translate to stone (living rock) Fig 27 – Bhaja chaitya hall Fig 31 – Karli chaitya hall Living rock Used to carve chaitya halls Symbolic imagery of a world mountain Fig 29 – Karli chaitya hall Fig 27 – Bhaja chaitya hall Vihara Buddhist monastery surrounding a chaitya hall Fig 27 – Bhaja chaitya hall Fig 81 – Ajanta chaitya hall and vihara Mithuna Loving couple of yakshi & yaksha Carvings on doorways Symbolic of human body at most fertile moment Very natural/realistic pose Fig 30 – mithuna on veranda wall of Karli chaitya hall Tree-grasping pose Represent fertility Fig 52 – Queen Maya giving birth Fig 34 – yakshi Chandra Tribangha 3-bend pose shows s-shaped curve characterizes Indian sculpture from then on Fig 38 – yakshi at east gate of Sanchi stupa Fig 83 – Bodhisattva Padmapani Jatakas Stories of Buddha’s previous life Fig 25 – Queen Maya’s dream Fig 35 – north gate of Sanchi stupa with scrollszsdxc Queen Maya Mother of Buddha Fig 52 – Birth of Buddha Fig 25 – Queen Maya’s Dream King Vidudabha King of Kosala who repeatedly tried to invade Buddha’s homeland Fig 32 – King Vidudabha visiting Buddha Bodhisattva Saint-like figures on the verge of nirvana Choose not to become enlightened in order to help the rest of mankind Middleman to reach Buddha Fig 55 – bodhisattva from Gandhara Fig 83 – bodhisattva Padmapani Mathura Gandhara King Kanishka’s (Kushan) winter capital See Buddha “portraits” based on yaksha models Fig 69 – Buddha on Lion Throne Fig 65 – King Kanishka Region of Kanishka’s winter capital First image of Buddha created here Style influenced by Greco-Roman Fig 50 – gold coin of Buddha & Kanishka Fig 48 – Buddha from Gandhara King Kanishka Greatest ruler of the Kushan Dynasty Adopted Buddhism as state religion, a “second Ashoka” Fig 50 – gold coin Fig 65 – standing figure of King Kanishka Asparases Mudra Handsign showing gesture of respect/devotion There are many different ones Fig 25 – dream of Maya Fig 73 – Buddha preaching the law Ushnisha A cranial protuberance (extra lump on skull) Shows super-spiritual knowledge Fig 48, 65, 69 Urna Concave circular dot on the forehead Represents a third eye Fig 69 – Buddha on Lion’s Throne Fig 75 – standing Buddha from Banda district Schist Abundant, blueish colored stone containing mica Characterizes Gandharan sculpture Fig 48 – Standing Buddha from Gandhara Bodhisattva Padmapani Serves Buddha of the western paradise Bearer of the lotus sign Very beautiful features Fig 83 – Ajanta cave wall-painting Shiva One of the 3 great Hindu gods Ultimate ascetic, creator and destroyer Has many manifestations Fig 117 – Shiva Nataraja Fig 100 – Shiva Temple at Elephanta Hindu religious ritual, usually performed everyday Includes washing, dressing, feeding statues of Gods Fig 117 – Shiva Fig 116 – Queen Sembiyan Puja Lingam Common manifestation/aniconic phallic form of Shiva Fundamental form that represents fertility and universal energy Fig 101 – lingam shrine at Elephanta Shiva Nataraja One of the many manifestations of Shiva Lord of the Dance Fig 117 Parvati Shiva’s consort Goddess of love, personifies beauty, would be Venus in the west Balances Shiva and together make a mithuna couple Fig 116 – Queen Sembiyan Fig 98 – Ravana shaking Mt. Kailasa Ganesha Son/Lord of the hosts of Shiva God of prudence and sagacity Fig 120 – Ganesha Queen Sembiyan Mahadevi Chola queen that is depicted as Parvati in bronze portrait Fig 116 Darshan “seeing” a Hindu God for a mystical experience God transfers grace onto worshipper Fig 37 – Great Stupa at Sanchi Mt. Kailasa The holy mountain where Shiva and Parvati lived Fig 98 – Ravana shaking Mt. Kailasa Shiva Mahadeva The Great God Serene, detached, other-worldly, beneficent Form of absolute knowledge Fig 100 – Shiva Temple at Elephanta Krishna I Built Kailasanatha Temple at Elura Symbolically relocating Shiva’s home in order to secure his title as chakravartin Fig 96-97 – Temple at Elura Ravana Demon king imprisoned beneath Mt. Kailasa (story from Ramayana) Tries to shake the mountain Fig 98 Mandapa Simple columed-halls of Chalukyan temples Fig 89 – Ladkhan temple Fig 91 – Sanchi temple Gopuram Gateway of flattened towers with tiers of sculptural decoration Main feature of the temple city at Madurai Fig 119 – great temple at Madurai Mughal Empire Founded by Babur who defeated the Lodis in 16th c The height of Indo-Islamic culture Rulers fascinated with painting and architecture Fig 169 – Taj Mahal Fig 163 – gardeners beating the giant Shah Jahan Obsessed with architecture Built Taj Mahal as mausoleum for his queen See first signs of artistic decline in his reign Fig 169 – Taj Mahal Mumtaz Mahal Queen of Shah Jahan For whom the Taj Mahal was built Fig 169 – Taj Mahal Taj Mahal Shah Jahan’s masterpiece at Agra 25 years to complete pure white marble facades and minarets Fig 169
