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Glossary adductor brevis muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh adductor longus muscle that adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh adductor magnus muscle with an anterior fascicle that adducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh, and a posterior fascicle that assists in thigh extension anterior compartment of the leg region that includes muscles that dorsiflex the foot anterior compartment of the thigh region that includes muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg biceps femoris hamstring muscle calcaneal tendon (also, Achilles tendon) strong tendon that inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle dorsal group region that includes the extensor digitorum brevis extensor digitorum brevis muscle that extends the toes extensor digitorum longus muscle that is lateral to the tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus muscle that is partly deep to the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus Hip bone Three fused bones- ilium, ischiuim and pubis: can palpate parts of each Part of each bone contributes to hip socket (acetabulum)- congenital hip problems Acetabulum or fossa of hip joint Faces laterally, slightly posteriorly and slightly inferiorly Articular surface of acetabulum is horse-shoe shaped and lined with hyaline cartilage= labrum Hip joint Synovial, Multiaxial, ball & socket Strong and stable Close packed in extension Acetabular labrum, deepens socket Fibrous capsule- strong Reinforced by accessory ligaments Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral Ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres) Stability Bones, shape of articular surfaces Strong ligaments and muscles Strong joint capsules Acetabulum or fossa of hip joint Articular surface of acetabulum is horse-shoe shaped, lined with hyaline cartilage and deepened by the labrum The ligament of the head of the femur= “ligamentum teres” Adds stability; allows passage of an artery especially in childhood Femur Proximal end has a head, neck, greater & lesser trochanter Growth plate between head and neck fuses at 19-20 years Femoral neck angled at about 125 degrees Femoral shaft flares distally; note proximal eminences: Femoral head and neck Greater trochanter- attachment for gluteus medius & minimus as well as piriformis and lateral rotators Lesser trochanter- attachment site for thigh flexors (iliopsoas mm.) Gluteal tuberosity- attachment for deep art of gluteas maximus Consequences of design- ligaments Much of joint stability provided by design of osseous surfaces Three ligaments provide further support to this joint They wind around the joint to hold the head of femur in the acetabulum Named according to part of hip they arise from Iliofemoral lig. Strongest lig. In body- anterior aspect of joint= resists hyperextensions and aids upright stance Ischiofemoral lig.- posterior joint Pubofemoral lig.- inferiorly, weakest Muscle Deltoid Origin Lateral one-third of the clavicle, acromion, the lower lip of the crest of the spine of the scapula Insertion Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus Action Abducts arm; anterior fibers flex & medially rotate the arm; posterior fibers extend & laterally rotate the arm Innervation Axillary nerve (c5,6) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus Artery Posterior circumflex humeral a. coracobrachialis coracoid process of the scapula medial side of the humerus at midshaft flexes and adducts the arm musculocutaneous nerve (C5,6) brachial a. Infraspinatus Infraspinatous fossa Laterally rotates the arm Suprascapular nerve Suprascapular a. latissimus dorsi vertebral spines from T7 to the sacrum, posterior third of the iliac crest, lower 3 or 4 ribs, sometimes from the inferior angle of the scapula Transverse processes of c1c4 vertebrae Greater tubercle of the humerus (middle facet) floor of the intertubercular groove extends the arm, adducts and rotates the arm medially thoracodorsal nerve (C7,8) from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus thoracodorsal a. Medial border of the scapula from the superior angle to the spine Elevates the superior angle of scapula and draws it medially Dorsal scapular a. Levator scapulae is named for its action Crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus Flexes and adducts the arm, medially rotates the arm Dorsal scapular nerve (c5); the upper part of the muscle receives branches of c3 & c4 Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (c58,-t1) Pectoral branch of the thoracoacromi al trunk The deep fascia on its anterior surface should not be fused to the fascia of the mammary gland - if it is, this is an important clinical sign indicating breast disease Levator scapulae Pectoralis major Medial 1/2 of the clavicle, manubrium & body of sternum, costal cartilages of ribs 2-6, sometimes from the rectus sheath of the upper abdominal wall Sternal half of the clavicle, upper half of sternum Notes The deltoid muscle is the principle abductor of the arm but due to poor mechanical advantage it cannot initiate this action; it is assisted by the supraspinatus m. the musculocutaneous nerve passes through the coracobrachialis muscle to reach the other arm flexor mm.(biceps brachii and brachialis) Infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis are the rotator cuff muscles the inserting tendon twists so that fibers originating highest insert lowest