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Glossary
adductor brevis
muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh
adductor longus
muscle that adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh
adductor magnus
muscle with an anterior fascicle that adducts, medially rotates and flexes the thigh, and a
posterior fascicle that assists in thigh extension
anterior compartment of the leg
region that includes muscles that dorsiflex the foot
anterior compartment of the thigh
region that includes muscles that flex the thigh and extend the leg
biceps femoris
hamstring muscle
calcaneal tendon
(also, Achilles tendon) strong tendon that inserts into the calcaneal bone of the ankle
dorsal group
region that includes the extensor digitorum brevis
extensor digitorum brevis
muscle that extends the toes
extensor digitorum longus
muscle that is lateral to the tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
muscle that is partly deep to the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
Hip bone
 Three fused bones- ilium, ischiuim and pubis: can palpate parts of each
 Part of each bone contributes to hip socket (acetabulum)- congenital hip problems
 Acetabulum or fossa of hip joint
 Faces laterally, slightly posteriorly and slightly inferiorly
 Articular surface of acetabulum is horse-shoe shaped and lined with hyaline cartilage=
labrum
Hip joint
 Synovial, Multiaxial, ball & socket
 Strong and stable
 Close packed in extension
 Acetabular labrum, deepens socket
 Fibrous capsule- strong
 Reinforced by accessory ligaments
 Iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral
 Ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres)
 Stability
 Bones, shape of articular surfaces
 Strong ligaments and muscles
 Strong joint capsules
Acetabulum or fossa of hip joint
 Articular surface of acetabulum is horse-shoe shaped, lined with hyaline cartilage and deepened
by the labrum
 The ligament of the head of the femur= “ligamentum teres”
 Adds stability; allows passage of an artery especially in childhood
Femur
 Proximal end has a head, neck, greater & lesser trochanter
 Growth plate between head and neck fuses at 19-20 years
 Femoral neck angled at about 125 degrees
 Femoral shaft flares distally; note proximal eminences:
 Femoral head and neck
 Greater trochanter- attachment for gluteus medius & minimus as well as piriformis and
lateral rotators
 Lesser trochanter- attachment site for thigh flexors (iliopsoas mm.)
 Gluteal tuberosity- attachment for deep art of gluteas maximus
Consequences of design- ligaments
 Much of joint stability provided by design of osseous surfaces
 Three ligaments provide further support to this joint
 They wind around the joint to hold the head of femur in the acetabulum
 Named according to part of hip they arise from
 Iliofemoral lig. Strongest lig. In body- anterior aspect of joint= resists hyperextensions and
aids upright stance
 Ischiofemoral lig.- posterior joint
 Pubofemoral lig.- inferiorly, weakest
Muscle
Deltoid
Origin
Lateral one-third of the
clavicle, acromion, the
lower lip of the crest of the
spine of the scapula
Insertion
Deltoid tuberosity
of the humerus
Action
Abducts arm; anterior fibers
flex & medially rotate the
arm; posterior fibers extend
& laterally rotate the arm
Innervation
Axillary nerve (c5,6)
from the posterior
cord of the brachial
plexus
Artery
Posterior
circumflex
humeral a.
coracobrachialis
coracoid process of the
scapula
medial side of the
humerus at midshaft
flexes and adducts the arm
musculocutaneous
nerve (C5,6)
brachial a.
Infraspinatus
Infraspinatous fossa
Laterally rotates the arm
Suprascapular nerve
Suprascapular
a.
latissimus dorsi
vertebral spines from T7 to
the sacrum, posterior third
of the iliac crest, lower 3 or
4 ribs, sometimes from the
inferior angle of the
scapula
Transverse processes of c1c4 vertebrae
Greater tubercle
of the humerus
(middle facet)
floor of the
intertubercular
groove
extends the arm, adducts
and rotates the arm medially
thoracodorsal nerve
(C7,8) from the
posterior cord of the
brachial plexus
thoracodorsal
a.
Medial border of
the scapula from
the superior
angle to the spine
Elevates the superior angle
of scapula and draws it
medially
Dorsal
scapular a.
Levator scapulae is named for its
action
Crest of the
greater tubercle
of the humerus
Flexes and adducts the arm,
medially rotates the arm
Dorsal scapular
nerve (c5); the upper
part of the muscle
receives branches of
c3 & c4
Medial and lateral
pectoral nerves
(c58,-t1)
Pectoral
branch of the
thoracoacromi
al trunk
The deep fascia on its anterior
surface should not be fused to
the fascia of the mammary gland
- if it is, this is an important
clinical sign indicating breast
disease
Levator scapulae
Pectoralis major
Medial 1/2 of the clavicle,
manubrium & body of
sternum, costal cartilages
of ribs 2-6, sometimes from
the rectus sheath of the
upper abdominal wall
 Sternal half of the
clavicle, upper half of
sternum
Notes
The deltoid muscle is the
principle abductor of the arm but
due to poor mechanical
advantage it cannot initiate this
action; it is assisted by the
supraspinatus m.
the musculocutaneous nerve
passes through the
coracobrachialis muscle to reach
the other arm flexor mm.(biceps
brachii and brachialis)
Infraspinatus, supraspinatus,
teres minor and subscapularis are
the rotator cuff muscles
the inserting tendon twists so
that fibers originating highest
insert lowest