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Babylonia and Assyria
The Two Empires of
Mesopotamia
After the Sumerians were defeated, Mesopotamia had two
main empires: Babylonia and Assyria. An empire is an area
of many territories and people that are controlled by one
government.
The Babylonian empire lasted from around 1800 BC to 1600
BC.
The Assyrian empire lasted from around 665 BC to 612 BC.
Babylon
As we recall from earlier, the Sumerians were conquered
by the Babylonians. The king of Babylon was
Hammurabi. Hammurabi united the cities of Sumer and
then expanded his empire all the way to Asia Minor
Babylon’s Religion
The Babylonians believed in a
pantheon consisting of powerful
immortal gods. Religious rituals were
led by priests. The celebration of the
new year at the spring equinox was the
most important religious festival of the
year.
Society, Economy, Politics
The fertile soil of Mesopotamia made agriculture the base
of Babylonian economy. Babylonian society consisted of
three classes: the upper strata (called awilu), the low strata
(called mushkenu), and the slaves (called wardu).
Babylonian women had some legal rights, such as the right
to hold property or to engage in business. men were given
more legal rights than women. They could quite easily
divorce their wives and sell their wives and children into
slavery if they could not provide for them.
Babylonian Culture
• Used sophisticated techniques in irrigation and
agriculture
• Skilled engineers
• Used used the Sumerian counting system
• Advanced system of writing
• Schools were important cultural centers
• Babylonian artisans were skilled in metallurgy and in
making fabrics, cosmetics and perfumes
• Babylonians also practiced medical surgery
A Crossroads of Trade
Babylon’s location made it a good place for trade. Groups
of travelers, called caravans, traveled back and forth from
the Sumerian cities in the south to the city of Akkad in the
north. Along the way, they always stopped in Babylon to
trade.
Babylon had special
markets, called bazaars,
that people could go to
buy cotton cloth from
India. They could also
buy spices from Egypt
there. Babylon became
rich due to trade.
Hammurabi’s Code
Hammurabi was the king who
united most of Mesopotamia
and conquered the Sumerians.
He developed a “code” of
laws. The laws were
numbered from 1 to 282. Law
number 196 states: If a man
put out the eye of another
man, his eye shall be put out.
Some people summarize
Hammurabi’s code by saying
“an eye for an eye.”
Law number 195 states: If a
son strike his father, his
hands shall be hewn off.
There are many, many more
laws like this in
Hammurabi’s Code.
A statue of
Hammurabi
On the left is a stela, which has all 282 of
Hammurabi’s laws engraved on it. This stela is
located in the Louvre Museum in Paris, France.
The Hammurabi stela was discovered in 1909, in
Susa, Elam, which is now Khuzestan. Khuzestan is a
province of southern Iran.
Susa
Babylonia is Conquered
Hammurabi conquered many of
the neighboring cities, and he
kept expanding his empire.
Hammurabi would often go to
war against his allies as well.
When the city of Elam attacked
Larsa, Hammurabi helped Larsa
defend themselves. Once Elam
was conquered, Hammurabi
turned right around and
conquered Larsa! Each time that
Babylon would conquer another
city, Hammurabi would take the
city’s chariots, weapons, tools,
and all their riches. Trading
helped Babylon get rich, and so
did conquest.
Though Hammurabi formed a
large and rich empire, the people
that ruled after him could not
keep it together. The empire
kept getting smaller and smaller
until eventually it was destroyed.
The Assyrians Rise to Power
Assyria was a small
kingdom of walled
cities that was located
north of Babylon.
Their city was located
in open land that was
easily attacked, and
they had to constantly
defend themselves
against invaders.
Therefore, they
became skilled
warriors.
At around 1365 B.C., the Assyrians decided
that the best defense they had was to attack
other countries first, before they could
attack them. By 650 B.C., Assyria had
conquered a large empire. King Sargon II
was a successful and ruthless Assyrian
ruler.
The Assyrian War Machine
The Assyrians were
geniuses at waging
war. They invented
the battering ram,
which they used to
pound down city
walls. They used
catapults to throw
rocks at enemies, and
the protected their
archers (people who
use a bow and arrows)
with helmets and
armor.
Ashurbanipal (668 – c. 627BCE) was
the last strong king of the Assyrian
Empire. This bronze sculpture of the
Assyrian king has stood in front of the
Civic Center of San Francisco,
California since 1988.
Chain mail is a type of
armor consisting of small
metal rings linked together
in a pattern to form a mesh.
Assyrian Learning
The capital of the Assyrian
Empire was a city called
Nineveh. Nineveh became
a great city of learning. It
had a famous library that
held thousands of clay
tablets with writings from
Sumer and Babylon.
These records tell us a lot
about life in Mesopotamia.
Assyrian Religion
• Similar to Babylonian
religion
• Worshipped the main
god of Marduk
Assyrian Economy
Assyria Overthrown
The people that the
Assyrians conquered were
constantly rebelling against
Assyrian rule. Most of the
time, the Assyrians crushed
the people who tried to
fight them. However, in
612 B.C., two groups
joined together to smash
the Assyrian empire. These
groups were the Medes and
the Chaldeans.
The New Babylonian Empire
The Chaldeans
created a new empire,
centered at Babylon
after they defeated the
Assyrians in 612 BC.
The greatest king of
Babylon was
Nebuchadnezzar II.
He rebuilt Babylon
and put massive walls
around the city to
protect it. He also
built a great palace
with hanging gardens.
The Hanging Gardens
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kfg1YE-BqTc
Nebuchadnezzar II built the
Hanging Gardens of
Babylon. This was a large
series of terraces that rose
to around 75 feet high.
They were covered with all
sorts of trees, flowers, and
plants. The gardens is
considered one of the great
wonders of the ancient
world.
A New Center for Learning
Under the Chaldeans, the
New Babylonian empire
became a center of
learning and science.
Chaldean astronomers
charted stars and
measured the correct
length of the year.
Chaldean farmers raised
bees for their honey.
Many people came to
Babylon to share ideas
and discoveries.
This clay tablet shows the world that was known
to the Babylonians
The Fall of the 2nd Babylonian Empire
The second
Babylonian empire
came under attack
and was defeated
by the Persians,
who were led by
Cyrus, in 539 BC.
Though the
Chaldeans were
defeated, the city
of Babylon was
spared from
destruction.