* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download File - I. Reillys Biology Class
Survey
Document related concepts
Gastroenteritis wikipedia , lookup
History of virology wikipedia , lookup
Quorum sensing wikipedia , lookup
Horizontal gene transfer wikipedia , lookup
Microorganism wikipedia , lookup
Trimeric autotransporter adhesin wikipedia , lookup
Hospital-acquired infection wikipedia , lookup
Traveler's diarrhea wikipedia , lookup
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids wikipedia , lookup
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae wikipedia , lookup
Human microbiota wikipedia , lookup
Antibiotics wikipedia , lookup
Triclocarban wikipedia , lookup
Marine microorganism wikipedia , lookup
Bacterial taxonomy wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
Monera e.g. Bacteria Section 1 Aidhm Name 3 types of bacterial cell and their structure 2. Explain reproduction of bacteria 1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/ 106333/Bacteria-exist-in-a-wide-variety-ofshapes-and-sizes Bacteria in pond water Bacteria on apple Bacteria Bacteria belong to the kingdom Monera. They are unicellular organisms Also known as prokaryotes as they have no membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound cell organelles They are classified according to three shapes 1. 2. 3. Spherical (cocci) Rod (bacillus) Spiral (spirillum) Bacterial Shapes Spherical (cocci) E.g. Staphoolococcus aureus Causes pneumonia Rod (bacillus) E.g. Bacillus anthracis Cause of anthrax Escherichia coli (E.coli) Live in human gut Spirillum (spiral) E.g.Treponema pallidum Causes syphilis Bacterial shapes 11 Bacterial size A diagram of a bacterium 13 Use book page 238 to label…. Bacterial cell - Diagram 15 Cell Parts & Function Use your book to find the functions below Part of cell Cell wall Cytoplasm Loop of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Capsule Flagella Plasmid Function Cell Parts & Function Part of cell Function Cell wall shape & structure Prevents bacteria from bursting Cytoplasm contains ribosomes and storage granules but no mitochondria or chloroplasts Loop of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) single strand of DNA Capsule protection Flagella movement Plasmid circular piece of DNA containing few genes for resistance to antibiotics Bacterial Reproduction http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9DN WcqxI4&feature=endscreen&NR=1 Bacterial reproduction • Bacteria reproduce asexually • The method used by a bacteria to reproduce is called Binary Fission Bacterial reproduction DNA is replicated The cell elongates and the two chromosomes separate The cell wall grows to divide the cell in two Two identical daughter cells are formed Bacterial Reproduction •Asexually - offspring are genetically identical •New mutations can spread very quickly •This is how bacteria become resistant to new antibiotics Endospore formation Some bacteria can withstand unfavourable conditions (lack of water, heat) by producing endospores http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAcowl iknPs&feature=related Spore formation Endospore: Formed during unfavourable conditions. Contents of cell shrinks and tough outer coat formed within the cell 24 Endospore formation These are formed when the bacterial chromosome replicates Endospore formation One of the new strands becomes enclosed in an endospore Endospore The parent cell then breaks down and the endospore remains dormant Endospore formation When conditions are favourable the spores absorb water, break their walls and reproduce by binary fission Complete in your copy 1. Name the three different types of bacteria. 2. By what method do bacteria reproduce. 3. Describe the steps involved in this method of reproduction 4. Can you…. Name 3 types of bacterial cell and their structure 2. Explain reproduction of bacteria 1. Section 2 Aidhm Explain nutrition of bacteria 2. State the factors affecting growth of micro-organisms 3. Define the term pathogenic 4. Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful bacteria 1. Bacterial Nutrition Bacterial Nutrition E.g. Bacillus anthracis Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Autotrophic – organisms which make their own food Heterotrophic – organisms which take in food made by other organisms Factors affecting the growth of bacteria Factors affecting the growth of bacteria The correct amount of the following is needed for growth: Temperature pH Oxygen concentration External solute concentration Pressure 1. Temperature Bacteria will grow • Best between 20°C and 30°C. • Some can tolerate much higher temperatures • Slowly at low temperatures 2. pH • Most bacteria grow at neutral pH. Some can grow at low pH 3. Oxygen concentration • Aerobic bacteria: require oxygen for respiration e.g. Streptococcus • Anaerobic bacteria: do not require oxygen 1. 2. Facultative anaerobes: respire with or without oxygen e.g. E.Coli Obligate anaerobes: only respire in the absence of oxygen e.g. Clostridium tetani 4. External Solute concentration Bacteria can gain or lose water by osmosis If the external solute concentration is higher water moves out of the bacteria (Dehydration) If the external solute concentration is lower the water will enter the bacteria 5. Pressure The growth of most bacteria is inhibited by high pressures. Some bacteria can withstand high pressures. (used in bioreactors) Economic importance of bacteria Beneficial bacteria Milk Cheese/Yoghurt: Bacteria such as Lactobacillus Insulin, enzymes, drugs, food flavourings: Genetically modified bacteria e.g. E. Coli Economic importance of bacteria Harmful bacteria Pathogens: Micro-organisms that cause disease E.g. Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax Food Spoilage: Bacteria can cause food spoilage Learning check As easy as 1 2 3 Students in groups of 3 and number them 1-3. 3 statements on the board which the corresponding individual must explain to the rest of the group. 1. Bacteria reproduce asexually 2. Some bacteria make their own food, others don’t. 3. Some factors effect the growth of bacteria Back to Plenaries Can you…. Explain nutrition of bacteria 2. State the factors affecting growth of micro-organisms 3. Define the term pathogenic 4. Name 2 Beneficial & 2 Harmful bacteria 1. Section 3 Aidhm Define the term antibiotics 2. State the role of antibiotics 3. Outline the potential abuse of antibiotics 1. Antibiotics Vaccine for Virulent Strain of Hospital Bug http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48Bmo GmWAiU Antibiotics Substances produced by micro-organisms that inhibit the growth or reproduction of bacteria or fungi No effect on viruses. Role of Antibiotics Penicillin: first antibiotic, isolated from a fungus by Alexander Fleming Now antibiotics are mostly produced by genetically engineered bacteria Antibiotic Resistance When an antibiotic is used to treat an infection most bacteria are killed Genetic mutations in bacterial genes can allow bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance. ‘Sensitive’ bacteria killed Resistant bacteria survive. Always finish the full course of antibiotics to kill the resistant bacteria Further mutations can lead to complete resistance. Over use of antibiotics or not finishing antibiotic course can lead to highly resistant bacteria. E.g. MRSA Misuse 1. Overuse of antibiotics: Leads to increased growth of antibiotic resistant bacteria 2. Failure to complete a course of antibiotics: allows the bacteria to survive and re-grow http://www.rte.ie/news/2012/0120/belfast.html#v ideo Can you…. Define the term antibiotics 2. State the role of antibiotics 3. Outline the potential abuse of antibiotics 1. 5-5-1 Deluxe! Back to Plenaries Now reduce that to 5 key words… Write 5 sentences summarising today’s topic… And finally to one word…. Use shapes and pictures to deluxe-ify 5-5-1