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Ecological Hierarchy I. Individual organism II. Population III.Community IV.Ecosystem V. Biome VI.Biosphere Ecological Hierarchy II. Population: same species living in an area • Species = group of similar organisms that can interbreed • Example: all the Giant pandas in a forest III. Community: group of different populations living in same area • Example: All the different plants & animals in a forest with the panda • Ecosystem: all the living and nonliving factors that make up an area Ecological Hierarchy V. Biome: Ecosystems with similar climates and communities – Examples: forest, desert, grassland, ocean, etc. VI. Biosphere: all ecosystems on earth Energy Flow in Ecosystems ❧ Ultimate source of energy = sun ❧ Plants, algae, & some bacteria capture solar energy - perform photosynthesis ❧ Organelle that performs photosynthesis = chloroplast (pigment inside = chlorophyll) Photosynthesis • Performed by producers = an organism that makes its own food via photosynthesis* – Aka autotrophs From producers to …. • Consumer = an organism that gets energy by eating other organisms – Aka heterotroph • Producers & Consumers convert sugar into usable energy through cellular respiration – Organelle that performs cellular respiration = mitochondria Consumers can be categorized by… ❧What is eats: ❧ Herbivore: eats producers ❧ Carnivore: eats other consumers ❧ Omnivore: eats producers & consumers ❧ Scavenger: eats dead large animals ❧ Decomposer: breaks down dead producers & consumers (bacteria & fungi) Consumers are Categorized by Trophic Level ❧In a food chain/ web, each step is called a trophic level ❧Producers = 1st trophic level ❧Herbivores = primary consumers = 2nd trophic level ❧Carnivores & Omnivores = secondary consumers – 3rd trophic level ❧And so forth… Trophic Level Energy Loss ❧Energy flows through environment (sun → organisms → space) ❧Energy is lost as it flows (according to 2nd Law of Thermodynamics) ❧At each trophic level: ❧ 90% of energy from food is used for life functions (ex: movement, growth, reproduction, homeostasis) ❧ Some energy is lost as heat ❧ Remaining 10% energy becomes part of organism’s body & is available to next trophic level Energy Pyramids ❧ Each layer of pyramid represents a trophic level ❧ Only 10% of energy makes it to next level ❧ B/c so much energy is lost at each level, there are fewer organisms as go up ❧ Loss of energy limits the # of tropic levels in ecosystems Fill-in pyramid level titles into your notes! ❧ Usually have less than 5 Example: a single lion needs ~250 km2 of land to hunt Ecosystem Pyramid • Choose an organism and illustrate a pyramid about the organism • Include biosphere, biome, ecosystem, community, population, and species. • Provide a definition/description of each level • See example for assistance