Download Ch.12, Sec.1- The Rise of Nationalism

Ch.12, Sec.1- The Rise of
Nationalism
The Era of Good Feelings
• After the War of 1812 was over, the U.S. enjoyed a time
of peace that came to be called the Era of Good
Feelings. James Monroe was the president during this
time. The U.S. and Great Britain still disagreed about
who controlled the waterways along their borders, with
both wanting to keep their navies and fishing rights on
the Great Lakes. In 1817, they compromised in the
Rush-Bagot Agreement. This limited naval power in the
Great Lakes for both sides.
• Another treaty, called the Convention of 1818, gave the
U.S. fishing rights off parts of the Newfoundland and
Labrador coasts. It also set the border between the U.S.
and Canada at the 49th parallel.
The Issue of Florida
• Another dispute involved the U.S. border with Spanish
Florida. Americans wanted to settle in the area, and they
were upset over Seminole raids in U.S. towns and
helping runaway slaves. President Monroe then sent
troops led by Andrew Jackson to secure the border.
• In April 1818 Jackson’s troops invaded Florida to capture
Seminole raiders, beginning the First Seminole War.
During this war, Jackson fought Spanish and Seminole.
He took over most of Spain’s important military posts
and overthrew the governor of Florida. He did all of this
without receiving direct orders from President Monroe.
The Issue of Florida cont.
• Jackson’s presence in Florida helped
convince Spanish leaders to settle all
border disputes with the U.S. in the
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819. Under this
treaty, Spain gave East Florida to the U.S.
and gave up its claim to West Florida. In
return, the U.S. gave up its claims to what
is now Texas. The U.S. also agreed to take
responsibility for up to $5 million of U.S.
citizens’ claims against Spain.
The Monroe Doctrine
• The Spanish colonies of Central and South America
began to challenge Spanish rule. By the early 1820s
most of these Latin American countries had declared
independence from Spain. Revolutionary fighter Simon
Bolivar, called the Liberator, led most of these fights.
• President Monroe thought that European powers might
try to take control of the newly independent Latin
American countries. On December 2, 1823, Secretary of
State Adams and President Monroe decided to warn
European powers not to interfere with the Americas in a
warning known as the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that
foreign powers should not create new colonies in North
and South America. The U.S. would view any European
interference with Latin American governments as a
hostile act. Few European countries challenged the
Monroe Doctrine, which has played a major role in
shaping U.S.-Latin American relations.
Sec.2- Expansions and
Improvements
The Missouri Compromise
• A major regional conflict arose in 1819, when Congress
considered the application of Missouri to enter the Union.
Pro-slavery leaders in Missouri wanted to join the nation
as a slave state. At the time, the Union had 11 free and
11 slave states. Because free states in the North had a
greater population, they controlled the House of
Representatives. However, adding a new slave state
would make the Senate in favor of the South. Northern
representatives in the House therefore passed a
legislative amendment that would accept Missouri as a
slave state with certain restrictions. Importing slaves into
Missouri would be illegal, and the amendment also
required all children of Missouri slaves to be set free
when they reached age 25. The Senate rejected this,
preventing Missouri from becoming a state.
The Missouri Compromise cont.
• To settle this, Henry Clay helped Congress
reach the Missouri Compromise, which had 3
main conditions: 1. Missouri would enter the
Union as a slave state, 2. Maine would join the
Union as a free state, 3. Slavery would be
prohibited in any new territories or states formed
north of 36 degrees 30 latitude (Missouri’s
southern border). Congress passed it in 1820.
Maine became a state on March 15, 1820, and
Missouri was admitted to the Union on August
10, 1821. This led to Clay earning the nickname
Great Pacificator, or peacemaker.
Internal Improvements
• To strengthen the economy, Clay wanted a
protective tariff. He wanted the money made
from this tax to be used to improve roads and
canals, or artificial waterways. These internal
improvements would connect the regions of the
country and make trade easier. Clay’s plan was
known as the American System. Congress did
pass a protective tariff, but very little of the
money was actually used for internal
improvements.
New Roads and Canals
• The Cumberland Road was the first road built by the
federal government. It ran from Cumberland, Maryland to
a town called Wheeling. Then the Panic of 1819 hurt the
economy, stopping the expansion. Construction began
again in the 1820s. In 1833, the National Road, as the
extended road was called, stretched to Columbus, Ohio,
and to Illinois by 1850.
• During the early 1800s canal construction increased in
the U.S. with the largest being the Erie Canal, running
from Albany to Buffalo, New York. They started building it
in 1817 and finished in 1825. The success of this canal
started a canal-building boom across the country.
The Election of 1824
• John Quincy Adams ran against Andrew
Jackson in 1824. Jackson won the popular
vote, but he did not have enough electoral
votes to win. It then went to the House of
Representatives. With Henry Clay backing
Adams, they chose Adams as president.
Sec.3- The Age of Jackson
Jacksonian Democracy
• Many states removed property requirements for voting,
which allowed more white men to vote and become
active in politics. Andrew Jackson was the first person
ever to run as a Democrat. Jackson defeated Adams in
the election in 1828, and his victory was considered a
victory for the common people. To show this, he had a
large party with a group of common people at the White
House, leading to a lot of damage there. Jackson also
rewarded some of his supporters with government jobs,
called the spoils system. However, he only changed
about one fifth of federal officeholders.
The Nullification Crisis
• In 1828, Congress passed a tariff with very high rates,
called by southerners the Tariff of Abominations. Vice
President John C. Calhoun opposed the tariff and
supported states’ rights. The dispute between state and
federal governments became known as the nullification
crisis.
• Congress passed a new tariff in 1832, leading to
Calhoun resigning as vice president to support his home
state, South Carolina. South Carolina said if the federal
government used force to collect these taxes, they would
withdraw from the Union. Jackson said he would send in
federal troops into South Carolina to enforce federal
laws, but the two sides reached a compromise.
Congress said they would lower the tariffs little by little
over several years if South Carolina’s leaders agreed to
enforce the tariff law.
The Second Bank of the United
States
• Several states passed laws that taxed branches
of the national bank. James McCulloch, cashier
of the Bank’s branch in Maryland, refused to pay
this tax. The state took him to court and the
case, McCulloch v. Maryland, went to the
Supreme Court. The Court made two important
rulings in this case. 1. Chief Justice John
Marshall said the elastic clause allowed
Congress to establish the Bank. 2. Federal law
was superior to state law, which challenged
states’ rights.
Van Buren’s Presidency
• Jackson’s opponents formed the Whig
Party. However, Van Buren, Jackson’s vice
president after Calhoun resigned, won the
presidency. Shortly after he took office, the
country experienced a financial crisis
called the Panic of 1837. In the election of
1840, William Henry Harrison ran with
running mate John Tyler using the slogan,
“Tippecanoe and Tyler too”. Harrison
would go on to win the election.
Sec.4- Indian Removal
The Black Hawk War
• In 1827, officials ordered the removal of all
Indians from Illinois. Black Hawk and his
followers ignored this. When the Sauk
returned from their winter hunt in 1830,
white settlers had moved into their village.
Black Hawk decided to fight, but it wouldn’t
last long. By August 1832, the Sauk were
running out of food and supplies, leading
to Black Hawk surrendering.
The Indian Removal Act
•
•
Jackson wanted the Indians in the Southeast to move West so American
farmers could settle there. Jackson pressured Congress to pass the Indian
Removal Act in 1830, which authorized the removal of American Indians
who lived east of the Mississippi River. Congress then established Indian
Territory as a new Indian homeland, most of which is today Oklahoma.
The Choctaw were the first American Indians to settle on the Indian
Territory. Some Choctaw leaders then signed the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit
Creek, which gave more than 7.5 million acres of their land to the state. The
Choctaw then traveled from Mississippi to the Indian Territory in the winter
of 1831-32. Federal officials did not provide enough food or supplies, so one
fourth of them died of cold, disease, and starvation. This caused other
Indian tribes to resist removal. Creeks wanted to stay on their land in
Alabama, but federal troops led 14,500 of them, mostly in chains, to the
Indian territory. Chickasaw also went west in the winter of 1837-38 because
they were promised better supplies. However, a lot of them died during the
move West as well.
The Indian Removal Act cont.
• The Choctaw were the first American Indians to settle on
the Indian Territory. Some Choctaw leaders then signed
the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek, which gave more
than 7.5 million acres of their land to the state. The
Choctaw then traveled from Mississippi to the Indian
Territory in the winter of 1831-32. Federal officials did not
provide enough food or supplies, so one fourth of them
died of cold, disease, and starvation. This caused other
Indian tribes to resist removal. Creeks wanted to stay on
their land in Alabama, but federal troops led 14,500 of
them, mostly in chains, to the Indian territory. Chickasaw
also went west in the winter of 1837-38 because they
were promised better supplies. However, a lot of them
died during the move West as well.
The Cherokee Nation
• Many Cherokee believed they could prevent
conflicts with settlers by adopting the culture of
white people. They became Christians and
opened schools where they learned to read and
write English. In the early 1800s, Sequoya
developed a writing system that used 86
characters to represent Cherokee syllables. In
1828, they began publishing their own
newspaper called the Cherokee Phoenix. John
Ross, a plantation owner, was their first principal
chief.
The Trail of Tears
• However, when gold was discovered on their land they
were also told to move West. They refused, so the
Georgia militia attacked Cherokee towns. The Cherokee
then sued the state. They claimed they were an
independent nation, and the government of Georgia had
no legal power in the territory. In 1832, in a Supreme
Court case called Worcester v. Georgia, Chief Justice
John Marshall agreed. He said only the federal
government, not the states, had authority over the
Cherokee. Georgia ignored the court’s ruling, and
Jackson did not enforce it. Jackson instead said let
Marshall enforce it since it was his decision. The Georgia
militia also destroyed their newspaper, and they were
forced to move to the Indian Territory. This 800 mile
march from 1838-39 was called the Trail of Tears. One
fourth of the Cherokee died on this march.
The Second Seminole War
• The Seminole decided they weren’t leaving without a
fight. In 1832, some Seminole leaders were forced to
sign a treaty promising to leave Florida within 3 years.
They also agreed that any Seminole of African ancestry
would be considered a runaway slave. The Seminole
had taken most of these runaway slaves in as family
members. A leader of the Seminole named Osceola then
called on the Seminole to use force to resist removal.
This started the Second Seminole War. At first, the
Seminole won many battles, but the U.S. forces captured
Osceola in 1837, and he died in prison. The Seminole
still continued fighting to the surprise of the U.S. troops.
By 1842, the U.S. Army had captured and removed
about 4,000 Seminole and killed hundreds of others.
Also, 1,500 U.S. soldiers were killed. After spending
millions of dollars on this war, U.S. officials decided to
give up the fight, and the Seminole stayed in Florida.
Sec.5- American Culture
American Tales
• One of the first American writers to gain international
fame was Washington Irving, who was famous for writing
stories like “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy
Hollow”.
• James Fenimore Cooper published The Pioneers, which
was the first of five books that were a part of the
Leatherstocking Tales. He also wrote Last of the
Mohicans. He made popular a style of writing called
historical fiction.
• Catharine Maria Sedgwick was probably the most
successful female author of her time, writing novels like
A New England Tale, Hope Leslie, and Married or Single.
A New Style of Art
• In the 1830s, a group of artists called the
Hudson River school came about. They
primarily painted landscapes, mostly of the
Hudson River valley. The leader of this
group was Thomas Cole.