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Northern Renaissance
 Contact with the Italian
Renaissance
– During late 1400’s
students and artists
traveled to Italy
– Merchants from France,
Germany and England
visited Italy
 Christian Humanism
– Called northern
Humanists, they studied
the classics but added
Christian content
– Mix classical ideals with
Christian virtues, best
code for conduct
– Committed to moral and
institutional reform
 Test tip: It is important to understand the
difference between Italian and Northern
Humanists. Both studied classical learning,
however the north was concerned with
religious piety.
Key figures in N.R.
 Desiderius Erasmus
– Known as the prince of the
humanists…most influential
on N. R.
– Produced Greek and Latin
editions of the bible
– Best known for The Praise of
Folly a satire aimed at
merchants, priests, scholars
and church leaders like
Pope Julius II
– a devout Catholic who
wanted to reform the church
– Wrote in Latin, not the
vernacular
 Thomas More
– Leading humanist in
England, a lawyer, author,
statesman – served Henry
VIII
– Best known for his book
Utopia (nowhere)
 Imaginary society that
featured religious toleration,
humanist education for all
and communal ownership of
property
 Michel De Montaigne
– Most influential writer in
France
– Best known for
popularizing the Essay
The Printing Revolution
 Johannes Gutenberg
– Invented first printing
press in 1456 with
movable type
– Printing spread quickly
across Europe. By 1500
, presses in over 200
cities printed between 8
-20 million books!
 Impact
– Allowed humanists
Erasmus and More to
publish across Europe
– Made it difficult for
authorities to stop
dissenting views
 Test tip: The printing press had a
revolutionary effect on European life and
thought. Students are asked to analyze how
the printing press altered European culture
between 1450 – 1600. Like today's social
media it is hard to control information
Northern Renaissance Art
 Characteristics
– First to produce oil
paintings
– Allowed artists to paint
reality precisely
– Many everyday objects
found in paintings are
really disguised
symbols
 Fidelity
 Religious ceremony
– Arnolfini Wedding
Key Artists
 Jan van Eyck
– Most acclaimed
Flemish artist in the 15
cent.
– Pioneer of the oil
painting
– Best known for the
Ghent Altarpiece and
the Arnolfini Wedding
 Albrecht Durer
– First N. R artist to fully
absorb the innovations
of the I. R
– Best known for wood
cuts and self portraits
 Hans Holbein the
Younger
– Blended N. R with I R,
balanced proportion
and perspective
– Realistic portraits of
More and Henry VIII
The New Monarchs
 Characteristics of
Medieval kings
– Income from their
estates
– Military served in
exchange for land
– Relied on nobles for
council
– Shared power with the
church
 New Monarchs
– Retained feudal income
added taxes on towns,
merchants, peasants
– Professional armies
paid by the royal
treasury
– Relied on educated and
loyal mid. Class officials
– Negotiated a new
relationship with the CC
France
 Charles VII 1422-1461
– Concluded the 100 yrs.
War
– Introduced taxes on
land and salt
– First permanent royal
army
 Louis XI 1461-1483
– Enlarged the army
– Encouraged economic
growth trough new
industries
France
 Francis I 1515-1547
– First French king to be
called Your Majesty
– Reached agreement
with Pope Leo X 1516
to nominate bishops,
abbots and high
officials of the
CC…giving king
administrative control of
the CC
England
 Henry VII 1485-1509
– Created the special
court the Star Chamber
 Secret court
 No appeal, jury, witness
– Used justice of the
peace to extend royal
authority
– Encouraged industry
and expanded the
merchant marine
 Henry VIII 1509-1547
– Declared the king
supreme head of the
Church of England –
ending ties to the CC
– Dissolved monasteries
and took the land and $
Spain
 The Iberian Peninsula
in mid 15th cent.
– Rich in cultural diversity
of Jewish and Muslim
communities
– Kingdoms of Castile
and Aragon controlled
Navarre and Portugal,
while the Muslims
controlled Granada
 Ferdinand and Isabella
– Marriage of F of aragon
and I of Castile created
a dynastic of the two
most powerful houses
– Conquered Granada
– One king, one law, one
faith, thus the
Inquisition
– Expelled the Jews and
Muslims from Spain
Results
 The new monarchs created the foundation
for the modern nation states in France,
England and Spain
 Begin the move to absolute power.