Download Memory Lecture/PPT

Myers Ch. 7A
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
Sensory
memory
Short-term
memory
Outdated, but still a
useful starting point
Long-term
memory
 Iconic—250
milliseconds
 Echoic—2 seconds
 Tactile
 Taste
 Olfaction
 Holds
sensory
information in the
raw, unprocessed
form
 If we attend to it, it is
encoded in shortterm memory
 Automatic
processing
• Describe your day so
far…
 Effortful
processing
 Parallel processing—
dejavu (theory)
 What
you do all of the
time for school
 Serial position effect
• Primacy effect
• Recency effect
• Mnemonic devices
 Methods and
demonstration



Uncertain conclusions—
some argue we convert
sensory stimuli into
verbal information others
argue we convert it to an
image…others believe it
is something more
abstract
Rule of 7
Info is gone in 30-60
seconds if not attended
to.
 Demonstration
#1
• Two groups
• Whatever group remembers the most words
wins.
 Demonstration
#2
• Remember the list of words in order
• Two rounds
 Rehearsal—Verbal
• Best for phone #s,
passwords, SS #s,
learning alphabet,
etc…
 Elaboration—visual
(or otherwise)
connection to
something you
already know
 1)
Relatively
permanent
 2) Assumed to be
unlimited
 3) Contains different
types of memories

1) Explicit/Declarative
• Semantic—meaning
• Episodic—personal
 2)
Implicit—unaware
of retrieval
(nondeclarative)
• Procedural--(i.e.,
riding a bike, tying
shoes, etc…)
• Emotional—love, hate,
fear, anxiety, etc…
 Memory
occurs in the
synapse via neural
connections
 LTP—Long term
potentiation
 Hippocampus
/Frontal Lobe=
explicit/declarative
 Cerebellum
/Amygdala= implicit/
nondeclarative
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA

Inability to transfer new
information from short-term
into long term

Clive Wearing

50 First Dates
RETROGRADE AMNESIA

Inability to retrieve
information that was
acquired before a
particular date, usually the
date of an injury or
operation
ENCODING SPECIFICITY
PRINCIPLE



Context matters!
This is why you stare at me
while taking a test
sometimes
Don’t study in your bed!!!!!
• Proactive interference—
when information learned
earlier impairs memory for
information acquired later.
•Retroactive interference—
when information learned
later impairs memory for
information acquired earlier
•P: proactive
•O: old
•R: retroactive
•N: new
1) Transience
2) Absentmindedness—lapse of
attention results in memory failure
3) Blocking—failure to retrieve information
that is available—tip of the tongue
phenomenon
4)
Memory misattribution—assigning a
recollection or an idea to the wrong source
 New
Jersey SC
 Elizabeth Loftus
 Eyewitness Testimony
 Try
to remember the list of words I read
aloud to you.
#5) Suggestibility—the tendency to
incorporate misleading information from
external sources into personal recollections
 false
memories
 1992: El AL cargo
Plane, Amsterdam
#6) Bias—distortion of memories due to
present knowledge/beliefs/feelings
 We
remember the good and forget the bad
 We like to think of ourselves as consistent
so we diminish the memory of change in
ourselves—cognitive dissonance
 Confirmation Bias
#7) Persistence—the intrusive recollection of
events that we wish we could forget, usually
tied to a heightened level of emotion
Embarrassing Moments
Flashbulb Memories
 Mnemonics
 Massed
vs. distributed practice
 Overlearning
 Imagery
 Autobiographical
Memory
 Alfred
Adler
• Present determines
past
• What is your earliest
memory—write it
down or draw it in
detail…

Are memories based on
present mood and
situation?
 What
does it mean to
lose your memory?
Are you still the same
person to yourself
and to others? Do you
still have your
identity?