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Name___________________Date_______Block___ The Egyptian and the Nubian Empires Nomadic Invaders Rule Egypt Invaders • About 1640 B.C., Asian warriors, the __________, use chariots to conquer Egypt. Hebrews Migrate to Egypt • ______________ move to Egypt from Canaan around 1650 B.C. • Egyptians resent the presence of Hebrews and Hyksos in Egypt. Expulsion and Slavery • Egyptians drive out the hated __________________ • Hebrews lose protection of Hyksos; are enslaved. The New Kingdom of Egypt Technological Advances • About 1570 to 1075 B.C. pharaohs create the New Kingdom, a powerful empire. • Army uses ____________________ and _____________ to conquer other lands. Hatshepsut’s Prosperous Rule • Hatshepsut—pharaoh whose reign most noted for her trade expeditions, not war. Thutmose the Empire Builder • Thutmose III, Hatshepsut’s stepson, expands Egypt’s empire. • Invades ____________________________—region around the upper Nile River. • Egypt is most powerful and wealthy during reign of the New Kingdom pharaohs. The Egyptians and the Hittites • Around 1285 B.C. Egyptians battle the Hittites in _______________ • Egypt’s pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittite king sign a peace treaty. An Age of Builders • New Kingdom pharaohs build great palaces, magnificent temples. • Valley of the Kings near Thebes is home to royal tombs. • Ramses II builds impressive temples with enormous ___________ of himself. The Empire Declines Invasions by Land and Sea • “Sea Peoples (possibly Philistines) cause great destruction in ______________. • Libyan raids on villages and rebellions in Palestine weaken the ______________. Egypt’s Empire Fades • Weakened empire breaks into smaller kingdoms. • From around 950 B.C. to 730 B.C. Libyan pharaohs rule Egypt and erect cities. The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region Egypt and Kush • From 2000 to 1000 B.C., Egypt dominates the kingdom of Kush in Nubia. The People of Nubia • Live south of ____________ near division of the Blue Nile and the White Nile. • Nile River is a great trade route for goods and ideas. • Nubians link Egypt and Mediterranean to African interior through trade. The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia • Egyptian culture influences Nubia and beyond to southern Africa. • About 1200 B.C., Nubia gains independence but keeps _____________ culture. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne • In 751 B.C., Kushite king Piankhi conquers Egypt, ousts Libyans. • Assyrians overcome Kushites and take Egypt. The Golden Age of Meroë Meroë • Kushites settle in Meroë; join in trade with Africa, Arabia, and India The Wealth of Kush • Meroë becomes important center of ______________________ and tools • Iron products transported to Red Sea, exchanged for luxury goods. The Decline of Meroë • Meroë thrives from about 250 B.C. to A.D. 150, then declines. • Aksum, 400 miles southeast, ________________ North African trade. • Askum has port on the Red Sea, and defeats Meroë in A.D. 350. THE ASSYRIAN (700-612 BCE) AND PERSIAN (559-360 BCE) EMPIRES ASSYRIA (700-612 BCE) • _____________________-speaking people • Used ____________________ to establish an empire GOVERNMENT • Ruled by kings with _____________________________ • Well-organized • Officials developed an efficient communication system • Sargon II was the most important leader ACCOMPLISHMENTS • Created one of the world’s finest libraries at Nineveh: ______________________ • Established Aramaic as official language • Effective military • Assyrians had the first large armies equipped with iron weapons • Used guerilla warfare, various siege tactics, and terror FALL OF THE ASSYRIAN EMPIRE • The Chaldeans and Medes (people who lived in the east) joined together to conquer the Assyrians • The fall of Nineveh preceded the fall of the Assyrian Empire • They divided the _______________ BETWEEN THE EMPIRES • Nebuchadnezzar • Chaldean King • Made Babylonia the strongest city in ___________________ • Famous hanging gardens • Babylon fell to the Persians in 539 BC • This marked the end of the Mesopotamian empires • Persians adopted Assyrian military, political and artistic inventions PERSIA (559 BCE- 360 BCE) • Persians • _____________________________ who lived in modern Iran • Mostly nomadic • • • Eventually united by one family (Achaemenids) Contemporaries of Greeks Persian Empire was massive and grew larger than the prior ________________ empires • Established durable political and cultural traditions • Fertile _____________and thriving _____________ CYRUS THE GREAT – 559 BC • Created a powerful state through _______________ • Indus River to Anatolia • Demonstrated ______________________________________________________ • Had a genuine respect for other cultures and practiced tolerance of local customs • Respected temples • ___________returned to Jerusalem DARIUS – 521 BCE • Bodyguard for Cambyses (son of Cyrus) and one of the Ten Thousand Immortals • Conqueror • Added part of _____________ to Persian Empire • Conquered Thrace (in Europe) • Invaded Greek mainland • • Halted at the Battle of Marathon Created world’s largest _______________ at that time Government • Strengthened • Divided empire into 20 ethnic provinces • Satraps: Governor • Homelands • Created efficient communication system • Like the Assyrians, Darius had a secret spy force – “King’s Eyes and Ears” • The King had the power of life and death Military • Empire’s power depended upon the ___________________ • Included standing army of professional soldiers • cavalry and infantry • Effective _________________________ XERXES • Son of _________________ • Stopped rebellion in Egypt and attacked Greece • Greece • Battle of Thermopylae • Battle of Salamis • Was defeated and returned to Persia ZOROASTRIANISM • Persian religion Named after its prophet -- ___________________________ • Tenets • Proto-Monotheistic: Ahura Mazda • Humans play a role in the struggle between ________________________ • Humans are given the freedom to choose between __________________ • Modern Paris FALL OF THE PERSIAN EMPIRE • Kings became isolated and focused on obtaining luxuries, following Darius • Struggles over the throne weakened the ___________________ • Family problems • Eventually defeated by ______________________________________