Download INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR MANAGERS Lecture * I (Information

INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
MANAGERS
Lecture – I
(Information Technology For Managers)
Darshan Bhattarai
Counselor Introduction
 Academic Achievements
 M.B.A (Ace Institute of Management)
 B.E. Computer (Himalayan Whitehouse Int’l College)
 Professional Achievements
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Manager-Project Analysis, Employees Provident Fund
ERP Implementation Consultant, Ace Institute of Management
ERP Implementation Consultant, Ace School, Ace High School
Sr. System Officer-Software, Employees Provident Fund
IT Manager cum Consultant , Premier Int’l School
IT Manager cum Consultant, Radha Engineering
 Lecturing Experience
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Ace Institute of Management
Lord Buddha Education Foundation
International Centre for Academics
Ritz Hospitality Management College
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Lets Revise the Basics
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Data
Information
Technology
Information Technology
Information System
Business
Management
Managers
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information System
•People – end users and IS specialists
•Hardware – physical devices and materials
used in information processing including
computer systems, peripherals, and media
•Software – sets of information processing
instructions including system software,
application software and procedures
•Data – facts or observations about physical
phenomena or business transactions
•Network – communications media and
network infrastructure
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Business And IT
 Information Technology though may not be the core
of lot of business. It is a key component for
aforementioned business purpose:
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High speed, accurate and efficient Computation
Line of communication
Storage, Retrieval and Access to Information
Automate business processes
Business Process Reengineering
Strategic intervention
Business Intelligence
Project Management
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Key Information Systems
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Transaction Processing System (TPS)
Management Information System (MIS)
Decision Support System (DSS)
Expert System (ES)
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
Supply Chain Management (SCM)
Customer Relation Management (CRM)
Project Management System
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Internet and its applications
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Electronic mail (Email)
Electronic Commerce (e-Commerce)
Cloud Storage
Access to global information (Searching/Google)
Communication (VoIP, IPTV, IP Telephony etc.)
Borderless/Boundless Connectivity/Access
Collaboration across several entity
Global Reach to every single individual
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Computer Systems
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Computer Software
 Software is the general term for various kinds of
programs used to operate and manipulate computers
and their peripheral devices.
 Software, consisting of programs, enables a
computer to perform specific tasks, as opposed to
the physical components of the system (hardware).
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Computer Software
Computer
Software
Performs
information
performing tasks
for end users
Application
Software
General
Purpose
Application
Programs
 Software
Suites
System
Software
Application
Specific
Programs
 Business – Accounting
System
Management
Programs
 Operating Systems
Manages and
supports
information of
computer systems
and networks
System
Development
Programs
 Programming
 Web Browsers
Transaction Processing, CRM,
 Network Management Programs
Language Translators
 Electronic Mail
ERP, e-Commerce, etc.
 Database Management Systems
 Programming Editors
 Word Processing
 Science and Engineering
 Application Servers
Database Managers
 Education, Entertainment, etc.
 System Utilities
 Presentation Graphics
 Personal Information Managers
 Performance and Security
Monitors
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
and Tools
 Computer Aided
Software Engineering
(CASE) Packages
Basic Functions of Operating System
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Operating System contd..
 The User Interface. The user interface is the part of
the operating system that allows you to communicate
with it so you can load programs, access files, and
accomplish other tasks. Three main types of user
interfaces are the command-driven, menu-driven , and
graphical user interfaces .
 Resource Management. An operating system uses a
variety of resource management programs to
manage the hardware and networking resources of a
computer system, including its CPU, memory,
secondary storage devices, telecommunications
processors, and input/output peripherals.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Basic Functions of Operating System
 File Management. An operating system contains file
management programs that control the creation,
deletion, and access of files of data and programs.
File management also involves keeping track of the
physical location of files on magnetic disks and other
secondary storage devices.
 Task Management. The task management programs
of an operating system help accomplish the
computing tasks of end users. The programs control
which task gets access to the CPU and for how much
time.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Language Translators
 Computer programs consist of sets of instructions written
in programming languages that must be translated by a
language translator into the computer’s own machine
language before they can be processed, or executed, by
the CPU.
 Programming language translator programs (or language
processors ) are known by a variety of names.
 An assembler translates the symbolic instruction codes of
programs written in an assembler language into machine
language instructions, whereas a compiler translates highlevel language statements.
 An interpreter is a special type of compiler that translates and
executes each statement in a program one at a time, instead
of first producing a complete machine language program, as
compilers and assemblers do. Java is an example of an
interpreted language.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Programming Language
 Programming Languages. Programming languages are a
major category of system software.
 They require the use of a variety of programming packages
to help programmers develop computer programs and
language translator programs to convert programming
language instructions into machine language instruction
codes.
 The five major levels of programming languages are
machine languages, assembler languages, high-level
languages, fourth-generation languages, and object–
oriented languages.
 Object-oriented languages like Java and special-purpose
languages like HTML and XML are being widely used for
Web-based business applications and services.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Open Source Software
 The concept of open-source software (OSS) is growing far
beyond the Linux operating system. The basic idea behind
open source is very simple:
 When programmers can read, redistribute, and modify the
source code for a piece of software, the software evolves.
 People improve it, people adapt it, people fix bugs.
 The open-source community of software developers has
learned that this rapid evolutionary process produces
better software than the traditional commercial (closed)
model, in which only a very few programmers can see the
source.
 The concept of open source, admittedly, runs counter to
the highly commercial (and proprietary) world of
traditional software development.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Key Characteristics of OSS
 The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away
the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution
containing programs from several different sources.
 The program must include source code and must allow distribution
in source code, as well as compiled form.
 The license must allow modifications and derived works and must
allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of
the original software.
 The license may restrict source code from being distributed in
modified form only if the license allows the distribution of patch
files with the source code for the purpose of modifying the program
at build time.
 The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the
program in a specific field of endeavor.
 The rights attached to the program must apply to all to whom the
program is redistributed without the need for execution of an
additional license by those parties.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Network Technologies
 Network means an interconnected or interrelated chain,
group, or system.
 When computers are networked, two industries—computing
and communications—converge, and the result is vastly more
than the sum of the parts.
 Suddenly, computing applications become available for
business-to-business coordination and commerce, and for small
as well as large organizations.
 The global Internet creates a public place without geographic
boundaries—cyberspace—where ordinary citizens can interact,
publish their ideas, and engage in the purchase of goods and
services.
 The impact of both computing and communications on our
society and organizational structures is greatly magnified.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Network Component Categories
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Business Value of Network Technology
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Role of Intranets
 Businesses are installing and extending intranets
throughout their organizations to
 Improve communications and collaboration among
individuals and teams within the enterprise;
 Publish and share valuable business information easily,
inexpensively, and effectively via enterprise
information portals and intranet Web sites and other
intranet services; and
 Develop and deploy critical applications to support
business operations and decision making
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Layered Architecture of Network
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Network Protocols
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ARP - Address Resolution Protocol
DNS – Domain Name Service
WWW – World wide web
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
Telnet
SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
POP – Post Office Protocol
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Client Server Architecture
 Architecture of a computer network in which
many clients (remote processors) request and receive
service from a centralized server (host computer).
 Client computers provide an interface to allow a computer
user to request services of the server and to display the
results the server returns.
 Servers wait for requests to arrive from clients and then
respond to them.
 Ideally, a server provides a standardized transparent
interface to clients so that clients need not be aware of the
specifics of the system (i.e., the hardware and software)
that is providing the service.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
MANAGERS
Lecture – 2
(Information System-I)
Darshan Bhattarai
MIS perspective
 MIS refers broadly to a computer-based system that
provides managers with the tools for organizing,
evaluating and efficiently running their departments.
 However MIS doesn’t Solely mean a computing System.
 The three sub-components
 Management, Information and System
- together bring out the focus clearly & effectively.
 System emphasizing a fair degree of integration and a holistic
view;
 Information stressing on processed data in the context in
which it is used by end users;
 Management focusing on the ultimate use of such
information systems for managerial decision making.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Objectives of MIS
 Facilitate the decision-making process
 Collects information in a systematic and a routine
manner.
 Provide requisite information at each level of
management to carry out their functions.
 Highlighting the critical factors to be closely
monitored
 Provide a system of people, procedures, query
facilities for collecting, storing, retrieving and
transmitting information.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
MANAGEMENT
CONTROL
OPERATIONAL
CONTROL
TRANSACTION
PROCESSING
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
TOP
PROCESSING
MANAGEMENT
ACTIVITIES
STRATEGIC
PLANNING
INFORMATION
FINANCE
PERSONNEL
LOGISTICS
MARKETING
PRODUCTION
MIS Framework
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Value and Costs of Information
Different Methods to assess the net benefit of the
Information System/Technology
1. Cost Benefit analysis (Total Cost of Ownership)
 Identification of IT Costs
 Direct Costs
 Indirect Costs (Human , Organization)
 Identification of IT benefits
2.
3.
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5.
Return on Investments (ROI)
Earning Growth
Market Share
Customer Awareness Satisfaction
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Systems Concept in MIS
 The major concept of the systems involves basically the
pattern or a way in which one thinks about managing
optimally.
 System acts as the framework for the visualization and
analyzing of the internal as well as the external
environments and factors that affect these particular
environments in a very integrated pattern.
 The features defining the system usually act as its
boundaries, so it can be said that the system is inside the
boundary and the environment is outside the boundary.
 Each system is further made of the sub systems, which
further consist of the other subsystems
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Characteristics of the System
A System must be having or possessing the following
characteristics –
 System receives inputs with the help of the
information, energy or the materials.
 System processes inputs and also produces outputs
or the results.
 System has a particular structure.
 System is very much interdependent in the nature.
 System has an objective orientation.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information system security
 Information system security refers to the way the system is
defended against unauthorized access, use, disclosure,
disruption, modification, perusal, inspection, recording or
destruction.
 There are two major aspects of information system
security:
 Security of the information technology used - securing the
system from malicious cyber-attacks that tend to break into
the system and to access critical private information or gain
control of the internal systems.
 Security of data - ensuring the integrity of data when critical
issues, like natural disasters, computer/server malfunction,
physical theft etc. arise. Generally an off-site backup of data is
kept for such problems.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
The ACM Code of Ethics and
Professional Conduct
 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness, and dignity in
both the process and products of professional work.
 Acquire and maintain professional competence.
 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work.
 Accept and provide appropriate professional review.
 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer
systems and their impacts, including analysis and possible risks.
 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.
 Improve public understanding of computing and its
consequences.
 Access computing and communication resources only when
authorized to do so
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information System Security
 Ethics in Information Society
 Information Rights, privacy and freedom in an
Information Society
 Protecting computer equipment and files
 Limiting logical access to computer systems
 Disaster Recover Plan
 Hardware backup
 Software backup
 Computer Virus and its prevention
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
MANAGERS
Lecture – 3
(Information System-II)
Darshan Bhattarai
Information in managerial Functions
Top level Managers
Middle Level managers
Line managers
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information Source : The Internet
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information System in Management
 Operation Support System
 Transaction processing systems. Process data resulting
from business transactions, update operational
databases, and produce business documents. Examples:
sales and inventory processing and accounting systems.
 Process control systems. Monitor and control industrial
processes. Examples: petroleum refining, power
generation, and steel production systems.
 Enterprise collaboration systems. Support team,
workgroup, and enterprise communications and
collaborations. Examples: e-mail, chat, and
videoconferencing groupware systems.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information System in Management
 Management Support Systems
 Management information systems. Provide information in
the form of pre-specified reports and displays to support
business decision making. Examples: sales analysis,
production performance, and cost trend reporting systems.
 Decision support systems. Provide interactive ad hoc support
for the decision-making processes of managers and other
business professionals. Examples: product pricing,
profitability forecasting, and risk analysis systems.
 Executive information systems. Provide critical information
from MIS, DSS, and other sources tailored to the information
needs of executives. Examples: systems for easy access to
analyses of business performance, actions of competitors,
and economic developments to support strategic planning.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
System Development ::
Strategic Planning Process
S.N. Planning Process
Development Process
1
Initiation
2
System Concept Development
3
Planning
4
Requirement Analysis
System requirement analysis
5
Design
System Design
6
Development
System Development
7
Integration and Testing
8
Implementation
9
Operational Maintenance
10
Disposition
System Initiation
Implementation and testing
System maintenance
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information Systems in Functional
Areas and decision-making
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Transaction Processing System
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
HRM
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Account and Finance
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Operation/production Management
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Marketing
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Integration application
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
MANAGERS
Lecture – 4
(System Analysis and Computer Languages)
Darshan Bhattarai
Types of Information System
 Office Automation System
 Provides individuals effective ways to process personal and
organizational business data to perform office processes
 Communication System
 Help people work together by sharing information
 Transaction Processing System (TPS)
 Collect and store the information about the transaction
 Management Information System (MIS and EIS)
 Convert TPS data to information for control and management
 Decision Support System
 Provide information, model or analytic tools for decision making
 Execution System
 Directly supports the organizations for a value added service
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Office Automation System
 Facilitates everyday information processing tasks
 Includes as a wide range of tools like spreadsheets,
word processors, and presentations package
 Helps perform record keeping, writing and
calculations etc
 Text and image processing systems
 Personal database systems
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Communication Systems
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Teleconferencing
Messaging System
Groupware
Intranet and Extranets
Knowledge management
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Transaction processing System
 Transaction processing systems capture and process the
detailed information necessary to update data on the
fundamental operations of an organization.
 Batch versus Real time processing
 In a batch processing system, transactions are accumulated
over a period of time and processed as a single unit, or batch.
For example, a store may update its sales records every day
after the store closes.
 In a real-time processing system, transactions are processed
immediately as they occur without any delay to accumulate
transactions. Real-time processing is also referred to as online
transaction processing, or OLTP. In this case, the records in
the system always reflect the current status.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Outsourcing of Information System
Advantages
Disadvantages
Economy
Loss of control
Service Quality
Vulnerability of strategic
Information
Predictability
Dependency
Flexibility
Trustworthiness
Making fixed costs variable
HR related efficiency
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Ensuring Quality with Information
System
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Information system aiding Total Quality Management
Setting stricter benchmarks using information system
Customer centric to improve products / services
Reduce Cycle time
Improve quality and precision of the design
Include line employees in quality process design
Increase precision of production
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
System Analysis and Design
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Systems Life Cycle
 Oldest and formal approach of building systems method
for building information systems and is still relevant today
 Stages of the systems life cycle
 Systems analysis
 Feasibility analysis
 Establishing information requirements
 Systems design
 Logical and physical design
 Design alternative
 Implementation and maintenance
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Programming
Testing
Conversion
Production and maintenance
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Computer Programming and
Languages
 Several Programming Concepts of programming
languages
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Identifiers
Variables
Constant
Expression
 Arithmetic operator (*, /, +, -)
 Relational operator (=, <, >, <=, >=, <>)
 Logical operator ( NOT, AND, OR, XOR)
 Built in Data Types, Statements
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Control Statement or structure
 Branching or selection statement
 If – then – else
 Looping or iterative statement
 Do-while
 For,
 Jump Statement
 Goto
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Overview and features of Java
 Important feature of Java
 Compiled and interpreted
 Compiler translates the source code into bytecode instruction
and the interpreter therefore converts the bytecodes to the
machine code
 Object oriented
 Almost everything in a Java is an object
 Distributed
 It has ability to share both data and programs and can access
remote objects on internet as easily as on local machine
 Multi threaded
 Handles multiple tasks simultaneously. i.e. need not to wait
one program to finish to start the other.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
MANAGERS
Lecture – 4
(System Analysis and Computer Languages)
Darshan Bhattarai
Database Resource Management
STUDENT DATABASE
DATABASE
Unique ID
Course File
Financial File
Personal History File
FILE
RECORD
COURSE FILE
NAME
COURSE
DATE
GRADE
Anjana Chhetri
Prajay Shrestha
Uchata Rana
MIS 101
MIS 101
MIS 101
F07
F07
F07
A+
C
A+
NAME
Uchata Rana
COURSE
MIS 101
FIELD
Uchata Rana ( NAME field )
BYTE
01010101 ( letter U in ASCII )
BIT
0 or 1
DATE
F07
GRADE
A+
Storage capacities are measured in
kilobytes (KB), megabytes (MB),
gigabytes (GB), terabytes (TB).
CHARACTER
In computer industry, K represents
1,024 storage positions.
E.g.: 1 MB = 1024 KB
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Components of DBMS
 DML Pre Compiler
 DDL Compiler
 File Manager
 Manages structures and space of file on the disk
 Disk Manager
 Provides block or page that the file manager asks for.
 Data Manager/Database Manager
 Software component for DBMS for database control
 Query Processor
 Takes care of the queries by the database user.
 Data Dictionary
 Contains information / data about the data
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Models
 Hierarchical Models
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Models
 Network Models
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Models
 Relational Models
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
E-R Diagram
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Database Administrator and the Role
 Database administration is the function of managing and
maintaining database management systems (DBMS) software.
 Database administration work is complex, repetitive, timeconsuming and requires significant training. Since databases
hold valuable and mission-critical data, companies usually look
for candidates with multiple years of experience.
 Role of Database Administrator
 Designing,
 Implementing, and maintaining the database system
 Establishing policies and procedures pertaining to the
management,
 Security, maintenance,
 Use of the database management system
 Training employees
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Warehouse
 Relational Models
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Characteristics of Data Warehouse
 Subject-orientation
 Data are arranged and optimized to provide answers to
questions coming from diverse functional area within a
company
 Time-variancy
 Represents flow of data through time
 Non-volatility
 Once data are entered they are never removed
 Integration
 Centralized, consolidated database that integrates data
derived from the entire organization
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Components of Data Warehouse
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Metadata
 It stores data about data in the data warehouse
 Types of Metadata
 Operational Metadata
 contains all information essential to be able to relate to
original data set.
 Extraction and transformation Metadata
 Data about the extraction of data from the source system
and business rules for data extraction.
 End-user Metadata
 Navigation map of the data warehouse
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
OLAP (Online analytical Processing)
 Online analytical processing enables managers and
analysts to interactively examine and manipulate large
amounts of detailed and consolidated data from many
perspectives.
 OLAP involves analyzing complex relationships among
thousands or even millions of data items stored in data
marts, data warehouses, and other multidimensional
databases to discover patterns, trends, and exception
conditions.
 An OLAP session takes place online in real time, with rapid
responses to a manager’s or analyst’s queries, so that the
analytical or decision-making process is undisturbed.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Mining
 Data mining is a major use of data warehouse databases and the static
data they contain. In data mining, the data in a data warehouse are
analyzed to reveal hidden patterns and trends in historical business
activity.
 This analysis can be used to help managers make decisions about
strategic changes in business operations to gain competitive
advantages in the marketplace. Data mining can discover new
correlations, patterns, and trends in vast amounts of business data
(frequently several terabytes of data) stored in data warehouses.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Mining Applications
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Customer Segmentation
Market Basket Analysis
Risk management
Fraud Detection
Delinquency Tracking
Demand Prediction
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Data Mining Process/Project
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Define Business Objectives
Prepare Data
Perform data mining
Evaluate Results
Present Discoveries
Ensure Usage of Discoveries
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
INFORMATION SYSTEM
FOR
MANAGERS
Lecture – 6
(Tactical and Strategic Information System)
Darshan Bhattarai
Decision Support System
 The type of information required by decision makers in a
company is directly related to the level of management
decision making and the amount of structure in the
decision situations they face.
 Structured decisions involve situations in which the
procedures to follow, when a decision is needed, can be
specified in advance.
 Unstructured decisions involve decision situations in which
it is not possible to specify in advance most of the decision
procedures to follow. Most decisions related to long-term
strategy can be thought of as unstructured.
 Most business decision situations are semi-structured; that
is, some decision procedures can be pre-specified but not
enough to lead to a definite recommended decision.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Key Aspects of DSS
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DSS are information System
DSS are used by the managers
DSS are used in making decisions
DSS are used to support, not replace people
DSS are used when decision is semi-structured or
unstructured
 DSS incorporates databases
 DSS are incorporates models
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Difference between MIS and DSS
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Information board
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Component of DSS
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Decision interface /DGMS
DSS modeling Software
Information/ Knowledge base
Database
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
So what is DSS
 A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program
application that analyzes business data and presents it so that
users can make business decisions more easily. It is an
"informational application" (to distinguish it from an
"operational application" that collects the data in the course of
normal business operation).Typical information that a decision
support application might gather and present would be:
 Comparative sales figures between one week and the next
 Projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions
 The consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experience in
a context that is described
 A decision support system may present information graphically
and may include an expert system or artificial intelligence (AI). It
may be aimed at business executives or some other group of
knowledge workers.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
A.i. [Artifical Intelligence]
 Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer
science that emphasizes the creation of intelligent
machines that work and react like humans. Some of
the activities computers with artificial intelligence are
designed for include:
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Speech recognition
Learning
Planning
Problem solving
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
AI
 Goals Of AI
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Emulate Human
Solve problems that require intelligence
Develop Expert Systems on Real-life problems
Enhance Interaction
 Applications of AI
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Scheduling and Planning
Automated operations
Speech Recognition
Expert Systems
Vision System
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Key Approaches in Building an AI
 Knowledge Representation and Reasoning
 Representation for fact and logic
 Heuristic Search
 Rules of thumb to solve the constraints in the problem space.
 Inference
 Ability to infer some new rules from some facts
 Learning
 Parametric, inductive and analogy-based learning
 Planning
 Determination of a methodology for achieving a goal from
the initial stages.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Expert System
 Expert Systems are computer programs that are
derived from a branch of computer science research
called Artificial Intelligence (AI).
 AI's scientific goal is to understand intelligence by
building computer programs that exhibit intelligent
behavior.
 It is concerned with the concepts and methods of
symbolic inference, or reasoning, by a computer, and
how the knowledge used to make those inferences
will be represented inside the machine.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Advantages of Expert System
 Availability: Expert systems are available easily due to mass
production software.
 Cheaper: The cost of providing expertise is not expensive.
 Reduced danger: They can be used in any risky environments
where humans cannot work with.
 Permanence: The knowledge will last long indefinitely.
 Multiple expertise: It can be designed to have knowledge of
many experts.
 Explanation: They are capable of explaining in detail the
reasoning that led to a conclusion.
 Fast response: They can respond at great speed due to the
inherent advantages of computers over humans.
 Unemotional and response at all times: Unlike humans, they do
not get tense, fatigue or panic and work steadily during
emergency situations.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Neural Networks
 Neural networks are a popular target representation for
learning. These networks are inspired by the neurons in the
brain but do not actually simulate neurons.
 The first important thing to understand then, is that the
components of an artificial neural network are an attempt
to recreate the computing potential of the brain.
 The second important thing to understand, however, is
that no one has ever claimed to simulate anything as
complex as an actual brain.
 Whereas the human brain is estimated to have something
on the order of ten to a hundred billion neurons, a typical
artificial neural network (ANN) is not likely to have more
than 1,000 artificial neurons.
© Darshan Bhattarai (Information System For Managers)- MBA
Emerging trends in IT
 Competitiveness of ICT
 Technology for convergence
 Ip Centres
 VPN
 SIP
 Convergence of IT and Consumer electronics
 E-Commerce
 Privacy in Context of E-Commerce
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