Download BA 353: Operations Management

BA 253: Business Statistics
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More Normal
More ICE 3
05/12/15
Weds
Ch 7: Sampling Distributions
Ch 8: Confidence Intervals/Sample Size
Normal Distribution (Chapter 6)
Review: Annual snowfall at DMR is normally distributed with mean 232 inches and
standard deviation 58 inches. Let X = snowfall for this upcoming season. Estimate:
a) P(X = 150) = 0%
b) P(X ≤ 150) = 8%
c) P(150 ≤ X ≤ 300) = 80%
d) P(X ≥ 300) = 12%
e) Middle 70%, 172 to 292
f) Top 15%. 292
Calculations:
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2.
3.
4.
Draw picture.
Calculate z-score
Look up z-score in correct table (may have to subtract from 100% or 50%)
Verify answer seems OK
z-score Calculations
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P(1.00 ≤ z ≤ 2.00)
Which z-score has 65% to the right of it?
Example 1:
What is the probability that Apple goes out of business?
Example 2:
Historically, demand for a product is normally distributed with mean 550 and standard
deviation 82. Calculate:
a) P(D ≤ 550) and P(D ≥ 550)
b) Demand under 450 is considered “low.” What is the probability of low demand?
c) Demand between 450 and 600 is “typical.” What is this probability?
d) Demand between 600 and 700 is “high.” What is this probability?
e) The supplier only has 700 units on hand. If demand is greater than 700, the supplier
will have a shortage, which of course, is bad for business. What is the probability that
demand is greater than 700?
f) In order to avoid shortages (as in part e)), how much inventory should the supplier
keep on hand so that shortages only happen during the top 1% highest demand? In other
words, to be 99% certain that all demand will be met?
Example 3:
According to Wikipedia, the GMAT has an average score of 546 with standard deviation
121, plus it follows a bell curve! a) Assume that to get into the MBA program at CU
Boulder, you would need to score in the Top 10%. What score would you need to get?
b) Assume that you need to be in Top 2% to get into the Michigan MBA program; what
score would you need? c) And at Harvard, the Top 0.5%...
↑ Descriptive Statistics: Summarize Data ↑
↓ Inferential Statistics: Estimate Population from Sample ↓
Chapter 7: Sampling and Sampling Distributions
Ex:
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Collect n data, calculate sample mean = x = point estimate.
Use simple random sample.
Is x ≈ μ??? That is the question!
The approximation gets better as the sample size, n, increases.
How is x distributed? In other words, what is the probability distribution of the
sample mean? Guess = _________________
Central Limit Theorem
For large sample sizes (typically, n ≥ 30), the sample mean x is approximately normally
distributed.
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CLT is true regardless of the original distribution of the data.
As n↑, the standard deviation decreases. (That is, x gets closer to μ.)
This is why the normal distribution is so common and so important.
Show “CLT in Action”
Sampling Distribution of x
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The sample mean, x , has mean μ, standard deviation
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and is
n
o Normally distributed if the underlying distribution is Normal.
o Approximately Normally Distributed whatever the underlying
distribution is if n ≥ 30.
o As the sample size increases, n ↑, the sample mean gets closer and closer
to the population mean, x ≈ μ.
Ex: Normal with mean 100 and sd 20.
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Do on TI-83. Math, PRB, randNorm(100,20) – try it! 132, 104, 98, 137, 81, etc.
How close is your result to 100? Is one data point enough? No.
Get 5 numbers, then average. Closer.
On Excel, get 30, 100, 1000 numbers and then average.
As sample size increases, the approximation gets better.