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Classification (3.4.2) Problems with Naming Organisms You are probably familiar with the common names of organisms like dogs, cats, worms, jellyfish, oak trees and rockfish. However, sometimes there can be more than one common name for certain organisms depending on where you live. Also there can be more than one species with the same common name. How can we tell the difference between species or know what organism we are talking about? Problem of the Puma The mountain lion is the largest cat found in North America. However, the mountain lion has more than one name depending on who you are talking to. It is also called the puma, catamount, nittany lion, cougar, or painter. So, if you don’t know all of the common names, how can you know exactly that someone is talking about a mountain lion? Felis concolor In order to prevent confusion, we use scientific names when talking about specific animals. These names are made up of two Latin or Latinized words. Now, if you say you are talking about Felis concolor, any person in the world knows exactly what animal you are talking about! Vocabulary Taxonomy Binomial Scientific Taxon name nomenclature Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Dichotomous key Taxonomy Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. Aristotle began grouping organisms based on their similarities over 2000 years ago. In 1735, Swedish biologist named Carl Linnaeus came up with a twoword Latinized system of naming organisms based on their similarities. Linnaeus’ system is called binomial nomenclature. Binomial Nomenclature Felis, Musca, domestica, americanus What’s up with these funny sounding names? They are either Latin or Latinized words that describe the organism they identify. What’s Up with Latin!?! We use Latin because no one speaks Latin anymore. The words never change their meaning and there is no confusion. These What terms are also descriptive. do you think the names domestica and americanus tell us about those organisms? Binomial Nomenclature Let’s look at a scientific name —Felis domesticus. Felis is the Genus name and domesticus is the species name. The Genus refers to a group of closely related species. In this instance, Felis refers to cats. The species name only refers to one organism. It is used to describe the organism. The name domesticus refers to our domesticated house cat. Rules for Binomial Nomenclature Names consist of two words—Genus and species. Both words are italicized or underlined. Genus is always capitalized. species is always lower-case Both names are in Latin or Latinized. Two different organisms cannot have the same name. The species name has to be different within the same Genus. Scientific Names Homo sapiens Panthera leo People Lion Musca domestica Acer rubrum House Fly Red Maple Classification Most inclusive Most exclusive Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species Classification You need to know each level—taxon—of classification. So, come up with a phrase that helps you remember the levels in order. I like to use King Philip Came Over For George’s sword (Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genusspecies) Remember, each level is called a taxon. Each taxon contains the organisms in the taxon below. So, if two organisms are in the same family, they are also in the same order, class, phylum and kingdom. Examples and Meanings One great thing about classifying organisms is that the taxon names have meanings that describe the organisms in those taxa. The following six slides show the classification of great white sharks, striped bass, the common house fly, the blue crab, chimpanzees and humans. All are in the Kingdom Animalia (animals). Hopefully you will notice the similarities and differences contained in the meanings of their scientific names. Enjoy! Great White Shark Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes (fish with cartilage instead of bones) Order: Lamniformes Family: Lamnidae Genus: Carcharodon (“ragged tooth”) Species: carcharias (“shark”) Striped Bass (Rockfish) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Osteichthyes (fish with bones) Order: Perciformes (perch-like fish) Family: Moronidae (temperate basses) Genus: Morone Species: saxatilis (“dwelling among rocks”) Common Housefly Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda (“jointed foot”) Subphylum: Hexapoda (“six-legged”) Class: Insecta Order: Diptera (flies with one pair of wings) Family: Muscidae (stocky flies with large eyes) Genus: Musca Species: domestica (“domestic”) Blue Crab Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea (lobsters, crabs, shrimp) Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda (“ten legs”) Family: Portunidae (swimming crabs) Genus: Callinectes (“beautiful swimmer”) Species: sapidus (“delicious”) Chimpanzee Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae (great apes and humans) Pan troglodytes (“cave man”) Seems that the scientific name for chimpanzees comes from people originally thinking that chimps looked like “cave men”!!! Humans Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae (great apes and humans) Homo (“man”) sapiens (“knowing” or “thinking”) Some questions… Which of the previous organisms is most closely related to humans? Chimpanzees (they are both in the same family) What is the major difference between the great white shark and the striped bass? Sharks have cartilage and bass have bones Why are the housefly and blue crab both put into the same Phylum—Arthropoda? They both have jointed appendages (legs) Use the information on the next three slides to answer a few questions HERE. Black Bear (Ursus americanus) Kingdom—Animalia (multicellular eukaryotes, no cell walls and heterotrophic) Phylum—Chordata (endoskeleton and a hollow nerve cord) Class—Mammalia (mammary glands, endothermic metabolism, hair and specialized teeth) Order—Carnivora (three pairs of incisors on upper and lower jaws with large canines) Family—Ursidae (stocky and powerful, densely furred bodies with small ears, closely set eyes and a prominent muzzle) Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Kingdom—Plantae (multicellular eukaryotes, autotrophic with cell walls) Division—Magnoliophyta (vascular tissues, true roots, stems, leaves and flowers; enclosed seeds) Class—Magnoliopsida (two seed parts) Order—Sapindales Family—Sapindaceae (deciduous, toothed leaves and winged fruit) Cyanobacteria (Anabaena spp.) Kingdom—Bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes that lack membrane-bound organelles) Division—Cyanophycota (autotrophic with some being nitrogen fixers) Class—Cyanophyceae Order—Nostocales (filamentous, motile and reproduce through binary fission) Family--Nostocaceae Use the table below to answer a few questions HERE. Common name Human Lion House Cat Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia Phylum Chordata Chordata Chordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Primate Carnivora Carnivora Family Homonidae Felidae Felidae Genus Homo Panthera Felis species sapiens leo domesticus DICHOTOMOUS KEYS A dichotomous key is a tool used to identify unknown things. A B C D Use the following dichotomous key to identify the tools above. A B C D 1a. It requires electricity… Circular saw 1b. It does not require electricity… 2a. It has teeth… Go to 2 2b. It does not have teeth… Go to 3 3a. It has a blunt metal head… Hammer Hack saw 3b. It has a flat, triangular head… Trowel A B Hammer Hack saw C D Trowel Circular saw How did you figure out the names of these tools? How to use the dichotomous key Look at what you are trying to identify (duh!) Read the description for 1a. If the description doesn’t match, then go to 1b. Follow the directions until you find the correct description of your mysterious object! Bringing It Together Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms. A scientific name contains two Latin or Latinized terms that describe an organism. This is also called binomial nomenclature. Remember—scientific names are usually descriptive. Domesticus means domestic and Americanus means it is found in America! Bringing It Together Remember your taxa in order— • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species All organisms in one taxon are also in the same taxa above. For example, organisms in the same Order would also be in the same Kingdom, Phylum and Class. Bringing It Together Organisms are grouped together based on similarities. For example, fish and birds are in the same kingdom and phylum because they have a backbone and are animals. A dichotomous key is used to identify things based on their appearances.
