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Critical Thinking: Culture, Ethics & Gender Key evaluation point: Culture • Culture can be defined as the human made part of the living environment. It refers to shared values. Human beings create culture and are also influenced by it. • (It is both subjective – attitudes, beliefs norms & objective – literature, poetry, cooking pots, weapons) • In the psychology cultural bias can occur in may ways: Researchers/ theorists may ignore the influence of culture or see all of human life through the perspective of one culture. Cultural considerations in psychology • Moghaddam (1993) Humans have an ‘interactive’ relationship with culture – we shape culture and we are also shaped by it • Jahoda (1978) believes that ‘Cultural Evolution’ rather than ‘Biological Evolution’ the reason for our progress and civilization today • The danger is that many Psychologists adopt the ‘universal man’ assumption – We are all the same – culture does not influence our behaviour • Smith & Bond (1998) found that Psychology is Ethnocentric (western centred)– they reviewed textbooks and found that only 10% of the world is sampled in psychological research • Cultural relativists believe culture is important vs. absolutists believe that our biology most important in determining our behavior Most scientific research is carried out in the west….. Triandis (1990) ‘dimensions of cultural diversity’ • Differences between cultures, that can be seen in terms of: 1) Cultural complexity • The more complex/ industrialised/technological the culture, the more people must pay attention to time – west – time is linear, eastern cultures - circular 2) Individualistic (independent) (behaviour based on likes & dislikes, identity defined by personal choices) vs. collectivist (interdependent) (saving face, self as an extension to the group, identity defined by the characteristics of the group) dimensions Triandis(1990) dimensions of cultural diversity 3) Tight (e.g. Japan, Korea - homogenous) vs. loose cultures (UK, America – multicultural) 4) In addition to these, Triandis also discusses the more specific dimensions: • emotional control vs. emotional expressiveness • contact vs. non contact • Horizontal vs. vertical relationships • Ethnocentric research does not take these differences into account Culture: Quick Quiz – in pairs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. What is culture? What does Moghaddam (1993) say about an ‘interactive relationship’ with culture? What is Jahoda (1978) referring to when he mentions ‘Cultural evolution’? What did Smith & Bond (1998) discover about psychology textbooks? How does this relate to ethnocentrism? Give an example of an independent culture and an interdependent culture What is the main difference between independent and interdependent cultures? What explanation did people from independent and interdependent cultures give for the fishes behavior in last lessons study? Explain why this is so What differences did Marcus & Kitayama find between American and Japanese students descriptions of themselves? What did they sight as some of the reasons for these differences? In what countries is most of the research carried out in psychology? Why might this be a problem? Do you think that psychologists should be aware of culture? why? Cultural differences artwork… How culture influences the way we see the world….. Ethical Issues in Psychology Ethical Issues presentations Make sure you all participate, use examples, ask questions of the audience at the end of the presentation • Why do we need to be concerned with ethical issues in human research? & an introduction to ethical guidelines (group 1) • Informed consent, deception, cost benefit analysis & debriefing (group 2) • The right to withdraw & Confidentiality (group 3) • Protection of participants from psychological and physical harm & observational research (group 4) • Ethical guidelines for the use of animals in research (group 5) Ethical considerations in research with humans Ethical issues in research with humans Ethical issues in research with animals Analysing Ethical Issues: The Cost Benefit Analysis (A Utilitarian Approach) • Aronson (1992) suggests a cost/benefit analysis should be carried out by researchers with regards to ethical issues. They should think about how much ‘good’ will come from doing the research and how much ‘bad’ will happen to the participants. • However, there are problems with this idea – costs tend to be real, while benefits tend to be potential. • In addition, very often the cost and the benefits will only become apparent retrospectively, but you need to know beforehand in order to decide whether to conduct the research or not. Reflection 1. How did you engage the audience during the presentation? 2. How successful were you at communicating the key points? 3. Briefly discuss how successfully your group was as a team. 4. List three things you did well: 5. List three things you could improve for your next presentation Ethical issues Review: Discuss in pairs 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. What is Informed consent? What is Debriefing? When should it occur? What is Deception? Is it ever justified? What is a cost benefit analysis? How does it relate to ethical issues What is the right to withdraw? Why should data from psychological research be confidential? Why is it important for participants to be protected from psychological and physical harm Outline the ethical guidelines for the use of animals in research Jane Elliot (1968)Blue Eye/ Brown Eye Observation (“Experiment”) An investigation into discrimination Essential Question: Was it ethical? In your group discuss and report on the following questions. For each answer ensure that you provide evidence or a logical argument. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Was informed consent obtained? Was the esteem of the kids harmed in any way? Was there any stress caused? Did any good for ‘mankind’ come out of the study which justifies doing it? Was deception used? Do you think it is ethical to conduct research with children? Would your group be prepared to conduct this experiment? Give clear reasons as to why or why not. Top ten most unethical psychology studies…. • http://listverse.com/2008/09/07/top-10unethical-psychological-experiments/ Gender Considerations • Much psychology research conducted on all male samples • Many influential studies based on males only, but are meant to apply equally to men and women • Key Point: Male behavior is taken as standard or the norm • This male centered view is known as ANDROCENTRISM Alpha & Beta Bias • Some researchers exaggerate differences between males and females (this is called alpha bias) – E.g. Evolutionary Psychology • Some researchers ignore differences between males and females (this is called beta bias) E.g. some areas of Cognitive Psychology/ Biological Psychology – such as research into the stress response system Gender Issues….. • There are more male psychologists than females, so often research into women does not get as much attention • Many of the techniques used, e.g. some laboratory experiments –the methods used tend to suit men more than women, and men then tend to perform better Questions to check understanding… 1. What is androcentrism? and why is it a problem for psychology? 2. Which genders behavior is often taken as the standard or norm? 3. What the difference between alpha and beta biased research? 4. Why are some of the techniques used in psychology also problematic in terms of gender considerations? Ethics Clips • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCjDxA wfXV0 (Jane Elliot) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcvSNg0 HZwk (Milgram) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GpuB_Q 2RUw (Zimbardo) End of unit test (Major) PowerPoint's & Notes are on wiki ibpsychism.wetpaint.com • Monday 13th September • Topics: 1. History of Psychology (see first slide of the Psychology Through diagrams PDF in student resources) 2. Definitions 3. Everything covered on the Understanding the Research Process Summary Sheets (Textbook Pages 17-37) 4. MECG 5. Culture, Ethics & Gender 6. Identifying the IV (independent variable) & DV (dependent variable) 7. Identifying the aims, procedures, findings and conclusions of a study 8. Evaluating (looking at the strengths & weaknesses) of studies