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Chapter 44 Chapter Forty-Four ESL Pointers English Skills with Readings, 5E John Langan English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Articles with Count and Noncount Nouns • Articles are noun markers: they signal that a noun will follow. There are indefinite articles and a definite article. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Indefinite Articles • The indefinite articles are A and AN. • Use “a” before a word that begins with a consonant sound. EX.: A car; a piano; a uniform • Use “an” before a word that begins with a vowel sound. EX. An effort; an office; an honor English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 The Definite Article The definite article is: THE English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Articles • An article may immediately precede a noun: – a smile – the reason • Or it may be separated from the noun by modifiers: – a slight smile – the very best reason English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Count Nouns • Count nouns name people, places, things, or ideas that can be counted and made into plurals. EXS.: »teacher-- teachers »restroom-- restrooms »joke-- jokes English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Noncount Nouns Noncount nouns are things or ideas that cannot be counted. Common noncount nouns include: Abstractions and Emotions: anger, bravery Activities: baseball, jogging Foods: bread,cheese Gases and vapors: air, smoke, steam Liquids: blood, tea, water Materials that come in bulk form: cloth, dust, sand Natural occurrences: rain, snow English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Qualifiers • The quantity of a noncount noun can be expressed with a word or words called a qualifier: •Some, a lot of, a unit of, etc. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Using a or an with Nonspecific Singular Count Nouns • Use a or an with singular nouns that are nonspecific. A noun is nonspecific when the reader doesn’t know its specific identity. English Skills with Readings, 5E Ex: A lefthander faces special challenges with right-handed tools. ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Using the with Specific Nouns • A noun is specific in the following cases: When it has already been mentioned once: Today, our cat proudly brought a baby bird into the house. Luckily the bird was still alive. English Skills with Readings, 5E When its identity is suggested by the general context: At Willy’s dinner last night, the service was terrible and the food was worse. ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Omitting Articles • articles with nonspecific plurals and noncount nouns, that is, when they refer to something in general: Pockets didn’t exist until the end of the 1700s. Iris serves her children homemade lemonade. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Using The with Proper Nouns Do Not use the for most singular proper nouns, including names of the following: •People and animals •Continents, states, cities, streets, and parks •Most countries •Individual bodies of water, islands, and mountains. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Using The with Proper Nouns Use the for the following types of proper nouns: •Plural proper nouns (The Turners; The United States) •Names of large geographic areas, deserts, oceans, seas, and rivers (The Black Sea) •Names with the format the__ of___ (The Fourth of July) English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Subjects and verbs • A particular subject can be used only once in a clause. Don’t repeat a subject in the same clause by following a noun with a pronoun. Incorrect: The girl who danced with you she is my cousin. Correct: The girl who danced with you is my cousin. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Including Pronoun Subjects and Linking Verbs • Every clause, other than a command, must have a subject and a verb. Incorrect: The Grand Canyon is in Arizona. Is 217 miles long. Incorrect: Angelita’s piano teacher very patient. Correct: The Grand Canyon is in Arizona. It is 217 miles long. Correct: Angelita’s piano teacher is very patient. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Including There and Here at the Beginning of clauses • A linking verb, usually in the form of to be, follows the words there and here when they begin a clause. In these cases, the verb comes before the subject. Ex.: There are masks in every culture on Earth. Remember not to omit there or here! Incorrect: Are several chickens in the Benson’s yard. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Not Using the Progressive Tense of Certain Verbs • Progressive tenses express actions or conditions still in progress at a particular time. They are made up of forms of be plus the -ing form of the main verb. Ex.: George will be taking classes this summer. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Not Using the Progressive Tenses of Certain Verbs • Verbs for mental states, the senses, possession, and inclusion are normally not used in the progressive tenses. Ex.: • Incorrect: All during the movie they were hearing whispers behind them. • Correct: All during the movie they heard whispers behind them. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Not Using the Progressive Tense of Certain Verbs English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Using Only Transitive Verbs for the Passive Voice • Only transitive verbs can have a passive form. Intransitive verbs cannot be used in the passive voice. • Incorrect: If you don’t fix those brakes, an accident may be happened. • Correct: If you don’t fix those brakes, an accident may happen. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Using Gerunds and Infinitives After Verbs • A Gerund is the -ing form of a verb that is used as a noun, e.g., For Walter, eating is a daylong activity. • An infinitive is to plus the basic form of the verb, e.g., to eat. It can function as an adverb , adjective, or noun. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Following The Order of Adjectives Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. An adjective usually comes directly before the word it describes or after a linking verb. That is an angry man. The man is angry. English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter 44 Typical Order of Adjectives in A Series • If there is more than one adjective for the same noun, they follow this order: 1. Article or other noun marker (a, an, the, Lee’s, this. . .) 2. Opinion adjective (dull, handsome, unfair. . .) 3. Size (big, huge, little. . .) 4. Shape (long, short, round. . .) 5. Age (ancient, medieval, old. . .) 6. Color (blue, green, red. . .) 7. Nationality (Italian, Korean, Mexican. . .) 8. Religion (Buddhist, Catholic, Jewish…) 9. Material (cardboard, gold, marble…) 10. Noun used as an adjective (house call, tea bag. . .) English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Using the Present and Past Participles as Adjectives Chapter 44 • A participle used as an adjective may precede the word it describes: That was an exciting ballgame. • It may also follow the linking verb and describe the subject of the sentence: The ballgame was exciting. • Use the present participle to describe whoever or whatever causes a feeling: An embarrassing incident • Use the past participle to describe whoever or whatever experiences the feeling: The embarrassed parents English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Prepositions Used for Time and Place Chapter 44 Use on, in, and at to refer to time and place. Time On a specific day: on Monday, on January 1 In a part of a day: in the morning, in the daytime In a month or a year: in December, in 1776 In a period of time: in an hour, in a few days At a specific time: at 10:00 A.M., at midnight Place On a surface: on the desk, on the counter In a place that is enclosed: in my room, in the office At a specific location: at the mall, at his house English Skills with Readings, 5E ©2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc