Download The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

The Spread of the Protestant
Reformation
1500-1600
The Reformation and Politics
• Explain how the political situation in Germany
shaped the course of the Reformation.
• What do I need to know to answer this question?
– What were the political circumstances in Germany?
– What were key events in the course of the
Reformation involving politics?
– What were key events in the course of the
Reformation affected by politics?
What does this quote mean?
“Other nations wage war; you, happy
Austria, marry.”
Why would countries want to wage war or marry?
What do we know about how land, power, and
titles are transferred through generations?
The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty
• States increased power
by war and diplomacy
• Marriage was a key way
to expand power
– Especially wives with no
brothers to share land
• Frederick III ruled most
of Austria + Princess
Eleonore of Portugal
(1452) = little territory, lots
of money
(Remember the diplomacy that kept the Italian
provinces from fighting  prosperity  Renaissance?)
Rise of the Habsburgs, con’t
• Frederick’s son Maximillian + Mary of Burgundy
(1477) = Netherlands, Luxembourg + Burgundy
(eastern France)
– This incited a conflict between the Habsburgs and the
French Valois family, who considered Burgundy to
belong to the French. *Nationalism!!
• Charles V (1500-1558) inherited Spain, areas of
Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia from mother and
Austria, southern Germany, the Low Countries,
and East-Central France  approx. ½ Europe.
Political Impact of the
Protestant Reformation
• Charles V believed it was
his duty to maintain
political and religious
unity of Western Europe
• Religious change
represented a threat to
the stability of the state
• Luther relied on German
nationalism to attack
papacy
– Used religion to extend
financial and political power
away from HRE
Why Would German Princes
Convert to Protestantism?
• Religiously, some were convinced that Luther
and/or Calvin were correct
• Politically and Economically, some princes
wanted freedom from the HRE
• Religious wars began between German Princes
and Charles V after failure of the Imperial Diet
of 1530
– Augsburg Confession was written here – a
centuries long cornerstone of Protestant beliefs
The Peace of Augsburg
• The peace of Augsburg
1555 was Charles V’s
acknowledgment of the
legitimacy of the German
princes to determine the
official religion of their
own principality.
• Were individuals allowed
to choose their own faith
at this point?
Explain how the political situation in
Germany shaped the course of the
Reformation
What were the political circumstances in Germany?
Decentralized
Largely controlled by
the Habsburgs (HRE)
What were key events in the course of the Reformation
involving politics?
Frederick III &
Maximillian’s lucrative
marriages led to the
expansion of the HRE
Imperial Diet 1530
Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Spread of the
Protestant Reformation
Describe how Protestant ideas and
institutions spread beyond Germanspeaking lands.
– What do I need to know?
• What are Protestant ideas and institutions?
• How did they spread beyond the Germanies?
• Where did the spread?
The Reformation of
Ireland and England
• King Henry VIII (Tudor) wanted to divorce Catherine of
Aragon
Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella
• Problematic for Charles V because it would mean
his Aunt Catherine would technically be a fornicator,
and his cousin Mary Tudor would be a bastard
•The Supremacy Act of 1534 declared the King to
be the head of the Church of England
Dissenters such as Bishop of Rochester John
Fisher and Sir Thomas More (Utopia) were
beheaded
Henry VIII
Henry’s Marital Woes Continue…
• Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn, who produced another
daughter, Elizabeth Tudor, but not a male heir to the
throne.
– Anne Boleyn was beheaded in 1536 for adultery and not
producing a male heir
• He then married Jane Seymour, who produced Edward
Tudor, but she died in childbirth
• Subsequently, Henry married Anne of Cleves (divorced),
Kathryn Howard (executed), Katherine Parr (divorced).
r
c
e
d
Anne Boleyn (m.15331536) Executed
Jane Seymour (m.15361537) Died
Catherine of Aragon
(m.1509-1533) Divorced
Anne of Cleves (m. 1540
January – July) Divorced
Katherine Parr (M. 15431547) Widowed
Katheryn Howard (m.
1540-1542) Executed
All original graphics, photographs and text on this page are © (copyright) 1995-2010 Lara E. Eakins except where noted.
The Impacts of the
Anglican Church
• Henry confiscated monastic lands and
redistributed to the Tudor dynasty
• Anglican church was created for personal,
political, social, and economic reasons
• Retained theology of Catholic Church including
confession, celibacy, and transubstantiation
• Sympathized with Protestant thought
• Provoked Pilgrammage of Grace (1536)
rebellion amongst English & Irish Catholics
Ireland
• Remained loyal to the
Catholic Church, rejected
the Anglican Church
• English lords in Ireland
approved the adoption of
the Church of Ireland
(basically the Anglican
Church)
– This led to the same
confiscation of church
lands and wealth that
happened in England
• Violent rebellion in Ireland
eventually crushed by
English
Tudor’s Religious Legacy
• King Edward VI (r. 15471553) – strongly
Protestant
• Queen Mary Tudor (r.
1553-1558) – Catholic
backlash (to honor her
mother)
– Married Spanish Catholic
cousin Philip of Spain
– This was very brutal and
earned her the nickname
Bloody Mary
• Queen Elizabeth I
(Elizabeth the Great)
Elizabeth I
• Elizabeth compromised between the Protestant
“Puritans” (who wanted to “purify” the Church)
and the Catholics
• Elizabethan Settlement
– Dignity in church services and order in the land (aka
no more executions)
– Risked only a fine for missing Anglican mass
– Swore allegiance to her as the “supreme governor of
the Church of England”
• Why wouldn’t she ask to be called the head of the church?
Elizabeth’s Main Contributions
• Brought peace and
order to England and
territories
• Allowed for religious
freedom without
whole conformity to
the Anglican Church
Calvinism - Switzerland
• Predestination - Human beings can do nothing
to save themselves due to the omnipotence and
absolute sovereignty of G-d.
– Willing to endure great hardships to resist evil
– Outlawed playing, dancing, to create a godly city on
earth
– The “Calling” sanctified occupations
• Burned 58 “heretics” at the stake 1542-46
• Significance: This ideology leads to America as
“the city upon the hill”, defining American history
John Calvin
Presbyterianism – The Church of
Scotland
• Established by John
Knox
• Persuaded Scottish
Parliament to create a
Calvinist church as
the official state
church of Scotland
Eastern European Reform
• In Bohemia, ethnic grievances of the Czech majority
fused with resentment of the Roman Catholic Church
• Czech’s adopted the utraqism position:
– It maintained that the Eucharist should be administered "in both kinds" — as both
bread and wine — to all the congregation, including the laity. (The practice
among Roman Catholics at the time was for only the priests to partake of the
wine).
• Poland and Lithuania = Catholic
• King Sigsmund I of Poland banned Lutheranism
• Hungary was defeated by Suleiman the Magnificent
(Ottoman Empire)
– Under Turkish/Islamic rule, Lutheranism thrived in parts of
Hungary
– Later in 1699 when Europe regained Hungary, there was a
Catholic restoration
Summary of Spread of
Protestant Reformation
• England, German Principalities broke
away from the Catholic Church
– England  Church of England
– Germanies Mostly Lutheran, some
Calvinism
• France, Spain, the HRE, Poland, and
Lithuania remained staunchly Catholic