Download The Civil War - North Platte R

The Civil War
Chapter 16
Sections 1-5
Preparing for War
• After FT. Sumter Lincoln calls up 75,000
volunteers for 90 day enlistment.
• No one on either side believes that the war
will last any longer than 90 days.
• Should I Stay or Should I Go…
• Go - AR, TN, NC, VA
• Stay - MO, KY, MD, DE, WV* (Border states WV
admitted in 1864)
Tale of the Tape
The North has every possible advantage
except for military leadership.
The North is an industrial powerhouse
capable of providing the army with endless
supplies.
The South is more practiced in the art of war.
The South is not equipped for a long war.
See handout
Leaders
Davis
West Point Graduate, former Sec. of War
under Pres. Pierce, and known as a man of
character.
Tended to micro-manage every little detail.
Would not tolerate any challenge to his
authority.
Leaders
Lincoln
Almost no military experience, almost no
political experience.
Lincoln was very patient with his new cabinet.
Almost all of them had challenged him for the
office of President.
Leaders
Generals
Most of the experienced quality generals
and military leaders sided with the
Confederacy.
Robert E. Lee
P.G.T. Beauraguard
Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
Strategies for Victory
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•
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Anaconda Plan
Goal: Restore the Union.
Authored by Mexican War hero Winfield Scott.
1. Blockade the Atlantic and Gulf ports,
nothing in or out.
• 2. Control the Mississippi River.
• 3. Capture Richmond, VA
Strategies for Victory
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•
•
•
South
Defensive war mimic Amer. Rev.
1. Stay at home, fight a defensive war.
2. Gain recognition and aid from France and or
England.
• 3. Keep the war going. The longer the fight
the more likely the North is to quit.
1st Bull Run (Manassas)
Lincoln orders General Irving McDowell to
attack at Manassas near Bull Run Creek.
Area is guarded by PGT Beauraguard.
Both groups are woefully unprepared.
Takes McDowell 4 days to march 25 miles.
The Northern newspapers are along with the
army. It is a circus.
Cont...
• Beauraguard has no trouble tracking the
Union.
• He uses the rails to ship troops. He amasses a
large army and waits for McDowell.
• Battle takes place on 07-21-1861 with both
sides being close to equal in size.
Legend is Born
• The union breaks through the line and should
have easily taken the army, if not for one
group.
• The Virginians led by General Thomas Jackson
stand firm.
• Repel the Union attack and the untrained
soldiers of the union retreat.
• Jackson gets the nickname “Stonewall”
Lessons from Bull Run I
• 1. This war is not going to end quickly.
• 2. Need more training for everyone on each
side.
• 3. This is going to be a very costly war.
• 5,000 K.O.W at Bull Run I
• General McDowell is fired, this will be the first
of many generals fired by A.Lincoln.
General George McClellan
• Graduate of West Point. He is brilliant at
training an army.
• He is too cautious to engage, he has superior
numbers and resources.
• His men love him, he never makes them fight.
• From 7/1861 to 3/1862 McClellan does
nothing Lincoln is furious.
Peninsular Campaign
• McClellan will move his troops by steamboat
down the Chesapeake Bay.
• They land just south of Richmond and begin a
slow cautious attack.
• Lee sends Stonewall Jackson North to fake an
attack on D.C. this prevents Lincoln from
sending reinforcements.
• McClellan believes he is outnumbered and
retreats.
Why?
• Lee had sent smaller groups of his men to
attack the slow moving McClellan at various
points.
• This confused McClellan and he greatly
overestimated the size of Lee’s Army.
• In reality McClellan held a 10 to 1 advantage
in the number of soldiers.
War in the West
• Ft. Henry and Ft. Donaldson on the Tennessee
and Cumberland Rivers are captured in 1862
• Introduces the nation to the Ulysses S. Grant
• U.S. Grant “Unconditional Surrender”
Naval Battle
Monitor v. Merrimack
Early on in the war the Union abandoned the
Merrimack in VA.
The South covered the boat in 4 inch steal
plates.
After it destroyed three Union ships in one
battle the North reacted.
The Monitor met the Merrimack in March of
1862.
Cont.
• The Merrimack was a stronger iron clad, but
the Monitor was faster.
• The two fought to a draw and retreated.
• The Confederates sank the Merrimack on
purpose.
• Why?
Antietam
Lee decides to attack the North.
Sets his sights on Sharpsburg, MD
McClellan gets the luckiest break of his life.
Two union officers find a bundle of cigars
wrapped in paper.
The two men turn the cigars over to
McClellan, who finds Robert E. Lee’s battle
plans.
Clutching Defeat From the Jaws of
Victory
• McClellan waits eighteen hours to make a
move.
• He slowly attacks Lee’s 40,000 with his
100,000
• In three hours approx. 25,000 Union and
Confederate soldiers are K.O.W.
• Lee retreats, and all McClellan has to do is
chase him down and the war is over...
McClellan Fired
• McClellan believes that Lee’s army is larger
and allows him to retreat back into VA.
• Lincoln fires him.
War in the West
• Army of the western United States is led by
Ulysses S. Grant
• Ft. Henry and Donelson
• February 1862 Grant uses gunboats to lay
siege to FT. Henry. It surrenders
unconditionally
• Next he takes the Cumberland river to FT.
Donelson same action same outcome.
Battle of Shiloh
Corinth, MS
Grant is attacked by General Johnston and
Beauragard both suffer huge losses.
Grant refuses to retreat and waits for
reinforcements.
Next day, April 7th the reinforcements arrive
and the North wins.
More people killed at Shiloh than in the
Revolutionary War.
Battle of Vicksburg
The Union controls New Orleans and
Memphis.
Needs the elevated city of Vicksburg to
control the MS River
Grant fakes an attack on Jackson, MS and
instead attacks Vicksburg.
After a month and a half Vicksburg surrenders
on 7-4-1863.
Grants feeds everyone, 2 down 1 to go
Emancipation
• At the outset of the Civil War the goal was to
restore the Union.
• It changes in 1862, Lincoln begins to discuss
emancipation with his cabinet.
• He is cautious because of MO, KY, DE, and MD.
The Emancipation Proclamation
• All slaves in states of rebellion are free as of
January 1st 1863
• *Frees No One*
• Slaves in the Union are still slaves.
• No state in rebellion recognize Lincoln as
president.
• Lincoln has no power to enforce this.
Changes
• Changes the character of the war, no longer
about state’s rights it is about slavery.
• South is fighting for slavery
• South is the bad guy
• There will be no European recognition of the
Confederate States of America.
Destruction of War
• Soldiers suffer throughout this war, but so do
civilians.
• Total War - attack a countries way of life and
destroy everything.
• Families, Farms, Homes, and Animals are all
casualties of this war.
New Weapons
• Breach Fired Rifle
• Minie Ball - grooved bullet increases FPS
• Shells and Canisters
Medicine
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•
•
•
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Serrated Saw and Blade
Morphine
Sanitation
Prison Camps
Andersonville and Libby Camp
War Opposition
• Copperheads - Northerners who wanted
peace with the south and wanted to get
Lincoln out of office.
• New Soldiers - Lincoln offers $300 to all
enlistees.
• 1863 creates the Draft. All men 20-45 are
called to service
• can get out of service by paying $300 or
getting someone to go for you.
The Constitution and the Economy
• Writ of Habeas Corpus - right to be informed
of the charges against you and have a trial by
jury.
• Lincoln suspends this and jails people who do
not support the war.
• North is producing war goods not goods for
sale.
• Begin printing money to cover costs. This
causes inflation.
Cont.
• Profiteers - people who overcharged the
government for services during the war
• Economy in the South • Tax-in-Kind - Requires all farmers to give 10%
of their crop to the gov’t.
• Egyptian Cotton and the Naval Blockade are
ruining the southern economy.
Battle of Fredricksburg
Ambrose Burnside - replaces McClellan.
Simple plan attack Lee’s 80,000 with his
125,000.
Burnside attacks Lee at Fredricksburg and
crosses the Rappahannock River into the
waiting trap of Lee.
Union 15,000 KOW South 5000 KOW
Burnside Resigns
Battle of Chancellorsville
• Lincoln appoints Joseph Hooker to replace
Burnside.
• Hooker plans to attack at Fredricksburg.
• He is surprised by Lee on the road.
• Hooker retreats in to the forest.
• *Turning Point* that night while out on patrol
Stonewall Jackson was shot by his own men.
Costly Victory
• The Confederacy won the battle of
Chancellorsville, but they lost Robert E. Lee’s
most important ally.
• Jackson dies of his wounds. He is replaced by
General Longstreet who is cautious, and
cannot understand the order's of Lee
Gettysburg
• Lee believes that a victory on northern soil will
force the end of the war.
• Confederate troops are planning to raid
Gettysburg for supplies.
• Literally they run into the Union army on a
road outside of the town.
• Small skirmishes mark day one but no major
developments
Day 2. 7/2/1863
• Longstreet is very slow in making
preparations. He allows Union Gen. Meade
time to establish his position.
• Little Round Top
• Defended by Josiah Chamberlain and the
Maine Army.
• Protects the Northern flank.
Day 3. 7/3/1863
• after a small charge in the morning R. Lee
orders an artillery shelling of the Union.
• He is faking a retreat cover, he then sends
15,000 men to the center and waits.
• No Union response, Lee believes the Union is
out of ammo.
• Big Mistake
Disaster
• Pickett’s charge costs the south the battle and
some would say the war.
• The attack was ordered by Lee.
• Longstreet warned against it and Pickett
executed it.
• This is a huge loss both in terms of numbers
and morale.
Gettsyburg Address
4 ½ mos. later a ceremony is planned at the
Gettysburg battle field to commemorate the
victory and dedicate a new cemetery.
The keynote speaker is Edward Everett a well
known speaker, Lincoln is asked to make a few
remarks at the end.
• Lincoln speaks
Sherman’s Plan
• William Tecumseh Sherman Nov. 1864
• Asks permission from Lincoln and Grant to break
off from supply lines and march to Savannah GA.
• Wants to live off the land and destroy the heart
of confederate’s industry. His plan is risky and
since there will be no supply lines he is putting his
men in danger.
• Lincoln and Grant OK the plan, the march is on…
Sherman’s March
• After laying siege to Atlanta Sherman orders
his men to burn all war making buildings and
supplies.
• 30% of Atlanta burned to the ground
• Sherman proposes to General Grant and
Lincoln that he march to the Savannah, GA
and the Atlantic ocean and destroy the south’s
ability to make war.
Make Georgia Howl
• Sherman and his men have no supplies or
communications.
• Live off the land they forage and steal all the food
and items they want and need.
• 12-24-1863 Lincoln receives a telegram from
Sherman.
• "I beg to present you as a Christmas gift the City
of Savannah, with one hundred and fifty guns and
plenty of ammunition, also about twenty-five
thousand bales of cotton."
Election of 1864
• Lincoln believes that he will lose.
• He changes Vice-Presidents. Selects Andrew
Johnson from Tennessee.
• Sherman and Grant’s successes allow him to
win the election.
• That and the creation of two new states WV
and NV also helped to defeat his opponent,
George McClellan
The End is Near
• Sherman moves north from GA to meet up
with Grant in VA.
• They will chase down R. Lee
• On the way Sherman attacks Columbia, SC.
Why? Because he can.
• Grant has destroyed Richmond, VA
• Lee knows it is over.
Appomatox Courthouse, VA
• Home of Wilbur McLean
• Grant and Lee meet to discuss surrender.
• Grant offers the terms of unconditional
surrender.
• In return the rebels can leave with their sidearms, horses, and a full stomach.
• This is very generous.
Guerilla War
• Some rebels take to the hills and mountains
continuing to fight, but the war is over.
• Lincoln has gone from goat to hero
• Three goals are achieved we destroyed
Richmond, captured the Mississippi, and
enforce a blockade.
April 1865
The end of the war and one of the most
infamous crimes in American history.
Fords Theatre My American Cousin
At the same time JWB is shooting the
president Secretary Seward is being attacked
as is Secretary Stanton.
VP Johnson’s attacker failed to show.
The only person who succeeded that night
was JWB