Download 02World_War_II_Rise_of_New_Leaders

Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism
Who would you vote for?
Contestant #1
I am a womanizer, have
self-interested policies
and unfortunately suffer
from ailing health.
Contestant #2
I have a drinking habit and
a defiant tongue or attitude
Contestant #3
I am a decorated war hero,
do not drink and want
to create a stable economy
Totalitarianism
Contestant #1
Contestant #2
Contestant #3
Treaty of Versailles
Total Control
of State by a
Dictator
Black Tuesday 1929
- stock market crashes
Great Depression
during 1930s
Increasing influence of new
political parties that emphasize
state control
-For example: Communism,
Nazism, Fascism
Totalitarianism
• Government establishes complete control of all aspects of the state (political,
military, economy, social, cultural)
• Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies, uniforms)
• Strict controls and laws
• Military state (secret police, army, military)
• Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
• Propaganda (media – radio, newspapers, posters)
• One leader (dictator); charismatic
• Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
• Terror and Fear
Nazism
Totalitarianism
Communism
Fascism
*These theories, specifically Communism and Fascism, are
completely different theories that are bitterly opposed;
however they exhibit the same behaviour
The Rise of Dictators
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Dictators (absolute rulers) seized power in Italy,
Germany, Japan, Soviet Union after World War I
Germany was treated severely after WWI (stripped
of territory, forced to disarm, pay reparations)
Worldwide Depression also hit – many people
looked to new leaders to solve problems
The MAJOR Dictators: Benito Mussolini in Italy;
Adolf Hitler in Germany; Joseph Stalin in the Soviet
Union
Communism
Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union from
1922-1953.
Communism
LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• political, economic and social system
that creates a “classless society”
• state ownership and control of the
means of production (no private
ownership)
• Soviet Communism or “Stalinism”,
was more of a totalitarian and military
state combined with elements of
communism
STALIN MURDERS
MILLIONS OF SOVIETS
Labor camp workers in Siberia -Stalin sent millions of political
prisoners to labor camps
• In his desire to purge
(eliminate) anyone who
threatened his power,
Stalin was responsible for
the deaths of 8 – 13
million of his own Soviet
citizens
• Millions more died of
famine caused by his
economic policies
Fascism
Benito Mussolini the leader (Il Duce) of Italy
from 1922 to 1943.
Fascism
RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more
important than individual rights
• maintain class system and private
ownership
Interesting Fact: Fascism name was derived from the
fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
Nazism
Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) of Germany
from 1933 to 1945.
Nazism
RIGHT WING
• extremely fascist belief of the National
Socalist German Workers Party (NAZI)
• belief in the racial superiority of the
Aryan, the “master race”
• belief that all Germans should have
“lebensraum” or living space in Europe
• Violent hatred towards Jews and
blamed Germany’s problems on them
Totalitarianism
Nazi Military State - Terms
• GESTAPO: Secret Police
• SS (Schutzstaffel): Defense Corps ‘black shirts,’ an elite guard unit
formed out of the SA
• SA (Sturmabteilung): Stormtroopers "brown-shirts" early private
Nazi army that protected leaders and opposed rival political parties
• Lebensraum (Living Space): concept that emphasized need for
territorial expansion of Germany into east
• Wehrmacht: German Army
• HJ (Hitler Jugend): Hitler Youth
• Einstazgruppen: Nazi Death Squad; mobile killing units
• Volk: all inclusive concept of nation, people and race, implying the
superiority of German culture and race; led to policy of
Volksgemeinschaft (idea of a harmonized racial Nazi community in
government policies and programs)
HIROHITO: EMPEROR OF
JAPAN
• Emperor Hirohito’s reign lasted
from 1926-1989
• Hirohito followed tradition and
chose a name for his reign
after inheriting the throne
after the death of his father,
Yoshihito.
• His reign was called "Showa",
or "Radiating Peace“
• However, he began a military
buildup with several attacks on
China and a dream of Pacific
domination and set up a
militaristic government
Japanese Militarists
Hideki Tojo (1941-1944)
MILITANTS GAIN CONTROL OF JAPAN
• Halfway around the
world, nationalistic
leaders were seizing
control of the Imperial
government of Japan
• Like Hitler, they desired
living space for their
growing population
Dictators Expand Territory
• 1931 – Japan attacks
Manchuria in northern
China
• Japan wanted more
natural resources for its
growing population
(Manchuria is rich in
natural resources)
Japanese Militarists
• Goal – Increase living space for growing Japanese
population
• Militarists launched surprise invasion of Manchuria in
1931, controlling this resource-rich land within several
months
• League of nations condemned Japan, who simply quit
the league
• Success of the Invasion put the militarists in control of
Japan
Italy invades Ethiopia
• 1935 – Italy invaded
Ethiopia in Africa
• Mussolini wanted new
areas to expand his
empire in Africa
Germany Begins Conquests
• 1936 – Hitler moves troops
into the Rhineland (German
region near the French
border)
• WWI treaty said no German
troops here
• French Gov’t and League of
Nations – TAKE NO ACTION
German-Italian Alliance
• Germany and Italy formed
the Axis Powers
• Now – two dictators with
stated goals of expansion
are good friends
• Axis Powers help Spain’s
Fascist military overthrow
its elected government
(Spanish Civil War)
Mussolini and Hitler
Francisco Franco - Spain
Francisco Franco - Spain
• Military leader in Spain, in 1936 led a revolt against
Spain’s elected party in power called the Popular
Front.
• Franco’s nationalist party won Spanish Civil war
• After winning in 1939, his rule was law.
• All opposition was ruthlessly dealt with; the nation
had to endure the activities of a secret police force
• Fair elections and political opposition were not
tolerated
• In July 1947, a law was passed that made
Franco head of state for life.
CIVIL WAR IN SPAIN
• In 1936, a group of
Spanish army officers led
by General Francisco
Franco, rebelled against
the Spanish Republic
• A Civil War ensued as
Hitler and Mussolini
supported Franco’s
fascists while the
western democracies
remained neutral
SPANISH LOYALIST AT THE
INSTANT OF DEATH
by Robert Capra, 1936
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco took control of
Spain in 1937 and became
dictator, setting up a fascist
government. Italy and Germany
supplied him with military
support needed to win control of
the country. However, during the
second world war, Spain stayed
neutral. During WW II, he used
secret police to ruthlessly deal
with any opposition.
Hitler begins his own Conquests
• 1938 – Hitler and the
Germans invade Austria
(most Austrians spoke
German and welcomed
becoming a part of
Germany)
• But…Hitler and the
Germans were expanding –
and the WWI treaty told
them not to…
The Sudetenland
• After taking Austria –
Hitler wanted more
• His next desire is the
Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia
• The Czechs didn’t want
to give this area to
Germany – nor did
France and Russia
“Appeasement” at Munich
• The British step in to offer
a peace and avoid war
• British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain
meets with Hitler in
Munich, Germany
– They agree to give Hitler
the Sudetenland
– Hitler has to promise he is
done seeking territory
– This becomes known as the
“Munich Agreement/Pact”
Reactions to Munich
• Neville Chamberlain,
the British Prime
Minister who came up
with the agreement,
said that he had
achieved “peace in our
time”
• Winston Churchill, the
future Prime Minister,
said: “Britain and
France had to choose
between war and
shame. They chose
shame. They will get
war, too.”
Hitler breaks his promise: Germany
Starts the War
• After being given Sudetenland – Hitler takes the rest
of Czechoslovakia
• Hitler signed a Non-Aggression Pact with Stalin and
the Soviet Union (they agree to not make war on
each other) – now France and Britain have lost an
ally in Stalin
• Immediately after – Germany invaded Poland (France
& Britain declare war on Germany) WWII officially
begins
• Love, Hate and Propaganda