Download Infection Control HST I

APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Infection Control
Health Science and Technology Education
Table of Contents
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Microorganisms
 Microorganisms are small
living bodies that are not
visible to the naked eye.
▫ Nonpathogens - maintain
body processes
▫ Pathogens – cause
infection and disease
 Classes of microorganisms:
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Bacteria
Protozoa
Fungi
Viruses
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Bacteria
 Bacteria are one-celled
microorganisms that are
classified by shape.
 Spores are thick-walled cells
created by bacteria to aid in
reproduction and to make the
bacteria resistant to harsh
environments. Spores can
result in serious illness.
 Diseases - food poisoning,
strep throat, tetanus, syphilis,
and cholera
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Protozoa
 Protozoa are the simplest
organisms in the animal
kingdom.
 Most protozoa need moisture
to survive, so they are often
found in watery environments.
 Diseases – malaria and
dysentery
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Fungi
 Fungi are plant-like
microorganisms that can
be found in the air, in soil,
on plants, or in water.
 There are thousands of
types of fungi, including
mushrooms, yeasts, and
molds. Only about half of
these types of fungi are
pathogenic.
 Diseases - athlete’s foot,
ringworm, yeast infections,
and thrush
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Lesson 1 – Viruses
 Viruses are the smallest
type of microorganism. They
are made up of only a few
molecules.
 Viruses invade the cells of a
living organism where they
reproduce more viruses.
 Diseases - common cold,
chicken pox, measles,
herpes, hepatitis B and C,
HIV, and AIDS
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Classification of Infections and Diseases
 Endogenous – begins
inside the body
 Exogenous – caused by
something outside the body
 Nosocomial – acquired by
an individual within a health
care facility
 Opportunistic – occur when
the body’s defenses are
weak
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Infectious and Communicable Diseases
 An infectious disease
results from an invasion of
microorganisms.
 A communicable disease is
a type of infectious disease
that can be transmitted from
one person to another
person.
 Not all infectious diseases
are communicable.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Chain of Infection
 Causative agent
 Reservoir
 Portal of exit
 Mode of transmission
 Portal of entry
 Susceptible host
How can you break this
chain?
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Mode of Transmission
 Airborne Transmission
 Bloodborne Transmission
 Vectorborne Transmission
 Sexual Transmission
 Foodborne Transmission
 Casual Contact
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Body Defenses
 Mucous Membranes
(trap pathogens)
 Cilia (propel pathogens
out of the body)
 Coughing/Sneezing
 Hydrochloric Acid
(destroys pathogens)
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 Tears in eyes
(bacteriocidal)
 Fever
 Inflammation (WBC’s
destroy pathogens)
 Immune Response
(produces antibodies)
APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Asepsis
 Asepsis is the absence of
disease producing
microorganisms.
Maintaining asepsis in a health care
facility is the primary way to prevent
the spread of disease from person to
person.
 Sterile means free of all
pathogens.
 Contaminated means pathogens
are present.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Medical and Surgical Asepsis
 Medical asepsis is maintaining
a clean environment in order to
reduce the number of
pathogens. It is also called
clean technique.
 Surgical asepsis is maintaining
a sterile field that is free from all
microorganisms and spores. It
is also known as sterile
technique.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Three Levels of Asepsis
 Antisepsis (Cleaning) is
the lowest level of asepsis, and
is also called sanitization.
 Prevents and inhibits growth of
pathogenic organisms
 Does not kill spores or viruses
 Antiseptic solutions include
iodine, betadine, and alcohol
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Three Levels of Asepsis
 Disinfection is a type of
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medical asepsis.
Destroys most pathogens
May not kill viruses and
spores
Common disinfectant
solutions is bleach.
An object must soak in a
disinfectant solution for at
least 20 minutes to be
properly disinfected.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Three Levels of Asepsis
 Sterilization is the highest
level of asepsis.
 Used for surgical asepsis
 Kills all microorganisms,
including viruses and
spores.
 The most common
equipment used for
sterilization is the autoclave.
 Also, steam under pressure,
radiation, and chemicals
can be used
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Hand Washing
 Hand washing is the most basic
and important type of medical
asepsis.
 Hand washing is the number
one way to prevent the spread
of infection.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
When should you wash your Hands?
 When arriving at the health care
facility and immediately before
leaving the facility
 Before and after every patient contact
 Before and after a procedure
 Before and after handling a specimen
 Before and after touching the mouth
 Before and after wearing gloves
 After contacting soiled or
contaminated items
 After picking up any item from the
floor
 After using the bathroom
 After coughing, sneezing, or using a
tissue
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Handwashing
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Remove jewelry. Get paper towels ready.
Turn on water & adjust to warm water
Wet wrist and hands.
Apply soap. Lather hands.
Clean all surfaces of the hands and wrist.
Keep fingers pointed downward
Interlace fingers, create friction.
Scrub with a brush or your knuckles.
Wash for at least 15 seconds. Keep water
running.
 Use only dry paper towels to dry hands
 Turn off faucet with another dry paper
towel
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Cleaning Equipment
 Cleaning is the lowest level
of medical asepsis.
 To clean objects or
equipment, health care
workers may use soap,
water, and scrub brushes.
 Some health care facilities
use ultrasonic units for
cleaning. An ultrasonic unit
uses sound waves and
cleaning solution to clean dirt
and residue from items.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Standard Precautions
 The Center for Disease
Control and Prevention
developed a list of
standard precautions that
should be used for all
patients, regardless of
their type of illness.
 Two reasons for standard
precautions:
▫ To protect health care
workers
▫ To protect patients
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Standard Precautions for Patient Contact
 Use appropriate personal
protective equipment
 Wash hands frequently
 Bandage cuts properly
 Use face shields during CPR
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Precautions for Environmental Cleanliness
 Place sharps in punctureproof biohazardous waste
containers
 Clean up spills immediately
 Discard infectious waste in
biohazardous waste bags
 Place contaminated linens in
biohazardous laundry bags
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Sterile Technique
 Sterile technique, also called
surgical asepsis, is
maintaining an area that is
free from all microorganisms.
 Sterile technique must be
practiced for all invasive
procedures to protect
patients from infection.
 To maintain a sterile area,
only sterile items may touch
other sterile items.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Sterile Fields
 Sterile fields are areas that
are set up for procedures
and are free from
microorganisms.
 A sterile field is usually a tray
covered with a small sterile
towel. The tray contains
equipment and supplies for a
specific procedure.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Working with Sterile Fields
 Never touch a sterile field until
sterile gloves are applied.
 Never reach across a sterile field
 Never turn your back to a sterile
field.
 Keep your eyes on a sterile field
at all times.
 Never get the sterile field wet.
 Remember the 2 inch border
around the sterile field is
considered contaminated.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Sterile Glove
 Sterile gloves are a key tool in
maintaining a sterile field.
 Sterile gloves should be worn
whenever health care workers
treat an open wound, perform
an invasive procedure, or
apply a dressing.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Sterile Packages
 Most of the items used to
create a sterile field are prepackaged in sterile wraps.
 A sterile package must be
opened with care. The outside
of the package is considered
contaminated, but the inside is
sterile.
 Only sterile items, such as a
sterile transfer forceps, may
touch the inside of a sterile
package.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Using PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
Personal Protective Equipment
includes:
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Gloves
Gowns
Apron
Mask
Goggles
Face Shield
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Masks and Eyewear
 Masks and eyewear must
be worn for procedures that
may produce splashes or
sprays of blood or bodily
fluid.
 Masks should be worn once
and then discarded into
biohazardous waste
containers.
 Eyewear is often reusable.
However, it must be
cleaned and disinfected
before reuse.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Gowns
 Gowns should be worn when
using chemical solutions and
during procedures where
splashing or spraying of blood
and bodily fluid is likely.
 Disposable gown should be
placed into biohazardous
waste containers after use.
 Non-disposable gowns may be
placed into biohazardous
linens bags.
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APPLIED EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS
Health Science
Non-Sterile Gloves
 Non-sterile gloves should be
worn when contacting blood
or other bodily fluids and
when handling or cleaning
contaminated items.
 The same pair of gloves
should never be worn in more
than one procedure.
 Wearing gloves should never
replace washing hands.
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