Download 2.03 Understand the respiratory system

2.05 Remember the
structures of the
respiratory system
Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory
System
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Nose
Sinuses
Pharynx
Epiglottis
Larynx
Lower Respiratory
System


Trachea
Lungs
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Nose
Nasal cavity – space behind the nose


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Vestibular region
Olfactory region
Respiratory region
Nasal septum – cartilage that divides the
nose into right and left sides
Turbinates – scroll-like bones in the
respiratory region
Cilia – nose hairs
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the
skull.

Ducts connect sinuses to the
nasal cavity

Lined with mucous membrane
to warm and moisten the air

Provide resonance to the voice
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System

Pharynx
 Throat
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
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
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
About 5” long
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
A flap or lid that closes over
the opening to the larynx
when food is swallowed
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Upper Respiratory System
Larynx
 Voice Box



Triangular chamber below
pharynx
Within the larynx are vocal
cords, the glottis
Also called the Adam’s
Apple
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Trachea
 Windpipe
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

Approximately 4 ½” long
The walls are composed of
alternate bands of membrane and
C-shaped rings of hyaline
cartilage.
Lined with ciliated mucous
membrane
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

At the lower end of trachea,
the bronchus divide into right
and left branches.

As they enter the lungs, the
bronchus subdivide into
bronchial tubes and into
bronchioles.

At the end of the bronchioles
are alveolar ducts and clusters
of alveoli.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

Bronchi
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Bronchial tubes
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Ciliated mucous membrane
and hyaline cartilage
Cartilaginous plates
Bronchioles


Thinner walls of smooth
muscle
Lined with ciliated
epithelium
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli



Composed of a single layer
of epithelial tissue
Contain surfactant …fatty
substance that keeps the
alveoli from collapsing
Each alveolus is surrounded
by capillaries
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System

The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity
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Apex
Base
Fit snugly over diaphragm.
Lung tissue is porous and spongy.

Right lung
 Larger
and shorter than the left lung
 Displaced by the liver
 3 lobes

Left lung
 Smaller
than the right side
 Displaced by the heart
 2 lobes
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Pleura

Thin, moist slippery membrane
that covers lungs…serous
membrane

Double-walled sac

Space is pleural cavity – filled
with pleural fluid
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum

A septum or cavity between
two principal portions of an
organ.
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Contains the heart and its
large vessels, trachea,
esophagus, thymus, lymph
nodes, and connective tissue
Also called the interpleural
space
Located between the lungs
Contains the thoracic viscera
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respiratory system
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Structures of the
Lower Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the
muscular system!
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Breathing

External respirationgas exchange in the lungs
occurs between the blood and
air in the atmosphere
Exhalation

Internal respiration gas exchange at the cellular
level where oxygen goes
from the blood stream to the
cells
Inhalation
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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Inspiration
The part of respiration that involves air being
taken into the lungs.
The intercostal muscle lifts ribs outward,
sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts
and moves downward - this increases the
volume of the lungs and air rushes in.
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Expiration
Opposite action takes place
Exhalation is a passive process
2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
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Breathing
1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
Normal # of breaths an adult takes each minute-14-20
Increases with exercise, body temperature, certain
diseases.
Changes with age – newborn = 40-60/min
Sleep = respirations ↓
Emotion can ↑ or ↓ respiratory rate
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Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory
movements.
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Coughing
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Hiccups
Sneezing

Yawning
Why do they occur?
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of the respiratory system
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Control of breathing

Neural Factors

Respiratory center
located in MEDULLA
OBLONGATA
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PHRENIC NERVE –
stimulates the
diaphragm
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of the respiratory system
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Control of breathing

Chemical Factors

CO2 and O2 levels in
the blood is sensed by
the brain (respiratory
center in brain)
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Chemoreceptor in aorta
and carotid arteries
sensitive to the amount
of blood O2
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Types of breathing
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Apnea
Dyspnea
Eupnea
Hyperpnea
Orthopnea
Tachypnea
Hyperventilation
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Lung capacity and volume

Tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume
(IRV)

Expiratory reserve volume
(ERV)
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of the respiratory system
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Lung capacity and volume

Vital lung capacity
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Residual volume

Functional residual capacity
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Lung capacity and volume
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Total lung capacity
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Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve
Expiratory reserve
Residual air
Sample
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Respiratory disorders

COMMON COLD
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
What is it? What causes it?
Hand-washing – best
preventative measure
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COMMON COLD
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Contagious viral
respiratory infection
Indirect causes –
chilling, fatigue, lack of
proper food, and not
enough sleep
Rx – Rest, drink warm
liquids and fruit juice,
good nutrition
Also called an Upper
Respiratory Infection
(URI)
Hand washing – best
preventative measure
LARYNGITIS

Inflammation of larynx
or voice box

Often secondary to
other respiratory
infections
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Symptoms – sore
throat, hoarseness or
loss of voice,
dysphasia (difficulty
swallowing)…treatment
= no talking!
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS

SINUSITIS
Infection of mucous
membrane that lines
sinus cavities
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Caused by bacteria or
virus
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Symptoms – headache or
pressure, thick nasal
discharge, loss of voice
resonance
Rx – symptomatic,
surgery for chronic
sinusitis
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Respiratory disorders

Asthma
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ASTHMA

Inflammatory airway obstruction
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Caused by allergen or psychological stress
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5% of Americans have asthma
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Symptoms = difficulty exhaling, dyspnea,
wheezing, tightness in chest
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Rx: anti-inflammatory drugs, inhaled
bronchodilator
BRONCHITIS

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
trachea and bronchial tubes, producing
excessive mucous

May be acute or chronic
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Acute bronchitis characterized by cough,
fever, substernal pain and RALES (raspy
sound)
Chronic bronchitis – middle or old age,
cigarette smoking most common cause

Respiratory disorders

Bronchitis
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REPIRATORY DISORDERS
CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY DISEASE
(COPD) – Describes
chronic lung conditions,
especially emphysema
and chronic bronchitis
Rx – alleviate the
symptoms, decrease
exposure to respiratory
irritants, prevent
infections, restructure
activities to prevent need
for O2
EMPHYSEMA

Alveoli becomes over
dilated, lose their
elasticity.

May eventually rupture

Air becomes trapped,
can’t exhale – forced
exhalation required
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Reduced exchange of
O2 and CO2
Dyspnea increases as
disease progresses

INFLUENZA (Flu)
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
Viral infection (VIRUS)
causing inflammation of
the mucous membrane of
lungs
Fever, mucopurulent
discharge, muscular pain,
extreme exhaustion

Complications –
pneumonia, neuritis, otitis
media and pleuresy

Rx – treat the symptoms
PNEUMONIA

Infection of the lung

Caused by bacteria or
virus.

Alveoli fill with
exudates (thick fluid)

Symptoms – chest pain,
fever, chills dyspnea

Rx – O2 and antibiotics
Respiratory disorders

Pneumothorax –
collapsed lung due to
air entering the
pleural cavity
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TUBERCULOSIS

Illegal immigration, homelessness and AIDS has caused an
increase in US.
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Tubercles (lesions) form in the lungs
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Symptoms: cough, low grade fever in the afternoon, weight loss,
night sweats
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Diagnosis – TB skin test
If skin test positive – follow up with chest x-ray and
sputum sample
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Rx – antibiotic
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Relevance of nutrients to
the respiratory system

The respiratory
system plays a vital
role in homeostasis
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders
of the respiratory system
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