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UNIT –IV Presented By Senthil kumar.N Today's Discussion Review of last class Group UNIT III O&B 2 “ A group is a set of two or more individuals who are jointly characterized by a network of relevant communications, a shared sense of collective identity and one or more shared dispositions with associated normative strength “. -David H. smith UNIT III O&B 3 CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP Social interaction: one of the most obvious characteristics of group is that they are composed of two or more people in social interaction. In other words, the members of group must have influence on each other. The interaction between parties may either verbal on non-verbal, but the parties must have some impact on each other to be considered as a group. UNIT III O&B 4 Stable structure: group also must posses a stable structure. Although groups can change, and often do, there must be some stable relationships that keep group members together and functioning as an unit Common interest: another characteristic of group is that their members share common interest or goals UNIT III O&B 5 Perceive themselves as part of group finally, to be a group, the individuals involved must perceive themselves as a group. Group is composed of people who recognize each other as a member of their group and can distinguish these individuals from nonmembers. UNIT III O&B 6 WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS Safety and security: Groups provide protection to their members. That is why workers join trade unions to feel safe and secure New employees are particularly vulnerable to sense of isolation and turn to the group for guidance and support UNIT III O&B 7 Power One of the appealing aspects groups is that they represent power Groups additionally provide opportunities for individuals to exercise power over others workers enjoy much greater power to joining than they do as individual UNIT III O&B 8 Esteem needs Feelings is high one self is self esteem The esteem on an individual increase by his association with a group of high status The esteem group provides safety, encouragement and self expression UNIT III O&B 9 Goal achievement A person as an individual cannot achieve certain goals There is a need to talents, knowledge and power to accomplish a goal Hence, people join to groups to achieve such goals UNIT III O&B 10 Status By joining the group of a person gets identify with the group He claims that, he is a member of a particular group which gives some identity in the organization or in the socity UNIT III O&B 11 characteristics Formal group Informal group Origin It is deliberate and planned It is voluntary and spontaneous Purpose It serves as means to formal ends It provides social satisfaction Authority Authority means from superior to subordinate it flows downwards As authority is derived from peers it flows horizontally or even upwards Structure It is developed according to technical requirements This is no structure Communication system All messages pass through properly for commands All the communications are informal channels Behavior of members Behavior is regulated by Behavior of member is rules and regulation to attain regulated by norms, values organization objectives and beliefs of the group UNIT III O&B 12 characteristics Formal group Informal group Status It is determined by position or responsibilities of a job It depends on feelings and sentiments of the members Size It depends upon the organization generally larger size It is smaller size Nature of group It is stable and continues for a larger period It is unstable Control Management control Only by members Direction Given by management Only by members Power Given by manage Given by members Primary focus Position Person Guidelines for behavior Norms rules UNIT III O&B 13 GROUP DYNAMICS Group dynamics refers to the study of force operating with in a group UNIT II O&B 14 GROUP DYNAMICS The social process by which people interact face to face in smaller groups is called group dynamics. Thus group dynamics is concerned with the face to face interaction of individual. UNIT III O&B 15 IMPORTANCE OF GROUP DYNAMICS Group dynamics interactions of individuals in a face to face relation. The fast goals of group , originating from the basic organization objectives Group dynamics focuses a team work, where in the small member groups are constantly in touch with each other and effectively contribute their ideas to accomplish a goal The group create group leaders which can effectively co ordinate the group efforts towards achievement of their goals UNIT III O&B 16 Groups also provide an identify for the person at workplace to achieve a feeling of belongings from which he can derive esteem, recognition and status UNIT III O&B 17 FEATURES OF GROUP DYNAMICS Perception: group dynamics as defined by perception implies that every member of the group is aware of his respective relationship with others Motivation: members join groups because they expect that the group will solve their problems. They want progress and promotion which are achieved through group perfomence UNIT III O&B 18 Group goals: group goals are target towards which input, process and output are directed. Group goal is the essential component of group formation, although it is not the only condition for forming a group Group organization group is an organization which is composed of different organs to attain certain objectives. A group has the structural elements of an effective organization UNIT III O&B 19 interdependency The main feature of a group is the members interdependence. The members of a group may have a common goal but they may not be a part of the group because they are not interdependent Interaction members of a group must be interact with each other. If they are interdependent but do not interact, the group’s goals are not achieved UNIT III O&B 20 Entity A group has its own identity. It has similarity and proximity. it is felt and realized but cannot be seen UNIT III O&B 21 GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF GROUP DYNAMICS Group cohesiveness or solidarity may produce resistance to change or acceptance of it. It is the responsibility of a manager to use group dynamics in such a way that the solidarity of the group contributes to a favorable Attitude towards high standards and acceptance of necessary changes. In order to achieve this, the following principles of group dynamics laid down by dorwin cartwright should be followed UNIT III O&B 22 1) if the group is to be used effectively as a medium of change, those people who are to be changed and those who are to be changed and those who are exert influence for change must have a strong sense of belongingness to the same group 2). The more attractive the group is to its member, the greater is the influence that the group can exert on its member 3). In attempts to change attitudes, values or behavior, the more relevant they are to the basis of attraction to the group, the greater will be the influence that the group can exert upon the members UNIT III O&B 23 4). The greater the prestige of a group member in the eyes of the other members, the greater influence he can exert 5). Efforts to change individuals or subparts of a group, which if successful, would have the effect of making them deviate from the norms of the group will be encounter strong resistance 6).strong pressure for change, thus making the source pressure for change lie within the group UNIT III O&B 24 7). Information relating to need for change plans for change, and consequences of change must be shared by all relevant people in the group 8). Changes, in one part of a group, produce strains in related parts which can be reduced only by eliminating the change or by bringing about readjustment in related parts UNIT III O&B 25 EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL LEADER How perceive by others He don’t have power comparing formal leader Lead for others trust & confidence of others If informal leader is not support organization it is barrier to the organization A successful leader don’t have necessary to know other leader Other people know leadership quality can be helpful or disruptive Continuous recruitment (members) UNIT II O&B 26 WORKING NORMS OF GROUPS Explicit statements by supervisors or co workers Critical events in the group’s history Primacy, or by virtue of their introduction early in the group’s history; and Carry over behaviors from past situations. UNIT II O&B 27 EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL LEADERS Groups are unique and evolving entities. The individuals within the group help determine the way the group will operate by selecting their leaders from those who have the special skills or abilities needed by their group. An informal leader is someone with in an organization or work unit who, by virtue of how he or she is perceived by his peers (or others in the organization) is seen as worthy of paying attention to, or following. The major thing that distinguishes an informal leader does not hold a position of power or formal authority over those that choose to follow him or her UNIT III O&B 28 The ability of informal leader to influence or lead others rests on the ability of that person to evoke respect, confidence, and trust in others, and it is no uncommon for an informal leader to not intentionally try to lead Informal leaders can be exceedingly valuable to organizations, and to the success of formal leaders, or, if informal leaders do not support the formal leaders and their agendas and vision, they can function as barriers in the organzation UNIT III O&B 29 However, a successful leader of one group will not necessarily be the acknowledged leader in another. Although elected to an office, a person may not have the required capabilities or be seen by others as directing the group activities. This is especially true when other group members are more clearly expressing leadership qualities. In this situation, the other individuals can be helpful or disruptive to the established leadership UNIT III O&B 30 Since the ability to perform the role of an elected officer varies from one person to another, and since officers change relatively frequently, a group is wise to tap the capabilities of many of its members. In addition to stipulating clearly the duties of the officers in the by-laws and formalizing the conduct of meetings by adopting rules of parliamentary procedure, an organization may establish a number of special offices to complement the function of the elected officers. Although these roles are not standard, they can be useful to enhance the overall group activity UNIT III O&B 31 WORKING NORMS OF GROUP Group norms are the informal rules adopt to regulate member’s behavior. Norms are characterized by their evaluative nature; i.e., they refer to what should be done. Norms represent value judgments about appropriate behavior in social situations. Although they are infrequently written down or even discussed , norms have powerful influence on group behavior. If each individual in a group decided how to behave in each interaction, no one would be able to predict the behavior of any group member; chaos would reign. Norms guide behavior and reduce ambiguity in group UNIT III O&B 32 Groups do not establish norms about every conceivable situation but only with respect to things that re significant to the group. Norms might apply to every member of the group or to only some members. Norms that apply particular group members usually specify the role of individuals. Norms vary in the degree to which they are accepted by all members of the group- some are accepted by almost every one , others by some members and not others. For example, university UNIT III O&B 33 Understanding how group norms develop and why they are enforced is important to managers. Group norms are important determinants of whether a group will be productive. A work group with the norm that its proper role is to help management will be far more productive than one whose norm is to be antagonistic to management. Manager can play a part in setting and changing norms by helping to set norms that facilitate tasks, assessing whether a group’s norms are functional, and addressing counterproductive norms with subordinates. UNIT III O&B 34 Norms usually develop slowly as groups learn those behaviors that will facilitate their activities. However, this slow development can be short- circuited by critical events or by group’s decision to change norms. Most norms develop in one more of four ways which are follows 1.explicit statements by supervisors or co workers 2. critical events in the group’s history 3. primacy, or by virtue of their introduction early in the group’s history; and 4. carry-over behavior from past situations UNIT III O&B 35 Why group norms are enforced? The most important reason is to ensure group survival. They are also enforced to simplify or make predictable the expected behavior of the group members. That is, they are enforced to help group avoid embarrassing interpersonal problems, to express the central values of the group, and to clarify what is distinctive about it. UNIT III O&B 36 INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS N GROUP Through the study of inter group relations – how people in one group ( the ‘in-group’) think about and act towards members of another group ( the ‘out-group’ ) – social psychologists (eg., Brewer and Brown, Hewstone, Rubin and Willis ) seek to understand a range of critical issues, including; UNIT III O&B 37 1). Crowd behavior: de individuation – A psychological state in which rational control and adherence to norms is weekend, leading to greater readiness to respond in an extreme manner and to violate social norms. 2). Co operation and competition between groups: the competitiveness of the between group interactions subsequently perverted all aspects of inter group behavior, becoming so extreme and conflictual UNIT III O&B 38 3) social identity: group members strive to promote a favorable identity for their group 4) Prejudice and discrimination some of the most negative forms of intergroup behavior are demonstrations of prejudice and discrimination UNIT III O&B 39 5). Replace social conflict with social harmony prejudice and conflict are significant social ills that produce enormous human suffering, ranging from damaged self esteem, reduced opportunities, stigma and socio economic disadvantage, all the way to inter-group violence, war and genocide UNIT III O&B 40 Working on relationships Allow time for introductions Acknowledge that all members needs and sensitive feelings Listen actively and non judgmentally to what each person is saying Beware of your own biases; do not stereotype people Be honest Be humble Show enthusiasm UNIT III O&B 41 THANK YOU,,,,, UNIT III O&B 42