Download Group dynamics refers to the study of force operating with in a group

UNIT –IV
Presented By
Senthil kumar.N
Today's Discussion
 Review of last class
 Group
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 “ A group is a set of two or more individuals who are
jointly characterized by a network of relevant
communications, a shared sense of collective identity and
one or more shared dispositions with associated normative
strength “.
-David H. smith
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CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP
 Social interaction:
one of the most obvious characteristics of
group is that they are composed of two or more people in
social interaction. In other words, the members of group
must have influence on each other. The interaction
between parties may either verbal on non-verbal, but the
parties must have some impact on each other to be
considered as a group.
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 Stable structure:
group also must posses a stable structure.
Although groups can change, and often do, there must be
some stable relationships that keep group members
together and functioning as an unit
Common interest:
another characteristic of group is that their
members share common interest or goals
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 Perceive themselves as part of group
finally, to be a group, the individuals involved
must perceive themselves as a group. Group is composed
of people who recognize each other as a member of their
group and can distinguish these individuals from nonmembers.
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WHY DO PEOPLE JOIN GROUPS
 Safety and security:
 Groups provide protection to their members. That is why
workers join trade unions to feel safe and secure
 New employees are particularly vulnerable to sense of
isolation and turn to the group for guidance and support
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 Power
 One of the appealing aspects groups is that they represent
power
 Groups additionally provide opportunities for individuals
to exercise power over others
 workers enjoy much greater power to joining than they do
as individual
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 Esteem needs
 Feelings is high one self is self esteem
 The esteem on an individual increase by his association
with a group of high status
 The esteem group provides safety, encouragement and self
expression
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 Goal achievement
 A person as an individual cannot achieve certain goals
 There is a need to talents, knowledge and power to
accomplish a goal
 Hence, people join to groups to achieve such goals
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 Status
 By joining the group of a person gets identify with the
group
 He claims that, he is a member of a particular group which
gives some identity in the organization or in the socity
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characteristics
Formal group
Informal group
Origin
It is deliberate and planned
It is voluntary and
spontaneous
Purpose
It serves as means to formal
ends
It provides social satisfaction
Authority
Authority means from
superior to subordinate it
flows downwards
As authority is derived from
peers it flows horizontally or
even upwards
Structure
It is developed according to
technical requirements
This is no structure
Communication system
All messages pass through
properly for commands
All the communications are
informal channels
Behavior of members
Behavior is regulated by
Behavior of member is
rules and regulation to attain regulated by norms, values
organization objectives
and beliefs of the group
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characteristics
Formal group
Informal group
Status
It is determined by
position or
responsibilities of a job
It depends on feelings
and sentiments of the
members
Size
It depends upon the
organization generally
larger size
It is smaller size
Nature of group
It is stable and continues
for a larger period
It is unstable
Control
Management control
Only by members
Direction
Given by management
Only by members
Power
Given by manage
Given by members
Primary focus
Position
Person
Guidelines for behavior
Norms
rules
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GROUP DYNAMICS
Group dynamics refers to the study of force
operating with in a group
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GROUP DYNAMICS
 The social process by which people interact face to face in
smaller groups is called group dynamics. Thus group
dynamics is concerned with the face to face interaction of
individual.
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IMPORTANCE OF GROUP
DYNAMICS
 Group dynamics interactions of individuals in a face to
face relation. The fast goals of group , originating from the
basic organization objectives
 Group dynamics focuses a team work, where in the small
member groups are constantly in touch with each other
and effectively contribute their ideas to accomplish a goal
 The group create group leaders which can effectively co
ordinate the group efforts towards achievement of their
goals
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 Groups also provide an identify for the person at
workplace to achieve a feeling of belongings from which
he can derive esteem, recognition and status
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FEATURES OF GROUP DYNAMICS
 Perception:
group dynamics as defined by perception implies that
every member of the group is aware of his respective
relationship with others
Motivation:
members join groups because they expect that the
group will solve their problems. They want progress and
promotion which are achieved through group perfomence
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 Group goals:
group goals are target towards which input, process and
output are directed. Group goal is the essential component
of group formation, although it is not the only condition
for forming a group
Group organization
group is an organization which is composed of
different organs to attain certain objectives. A group has
the structural elements of an effective organization
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
interdependency
The main feature of a group is the members
interdependence. The members of a group may have a
common goal but they may not be a part of the group
because they are not interdependent
Interaction
members of a group must be interact with each other. If
they are interdependent but do not interact, the group’s
goals are not achieved
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 Entity
A group has its own identity. It has similarity and
proximity. it is felt and realized but cannot be seen
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GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE
OF GROUP DYNAMICS
 Group cohesiveness or solidarity may produce resistance
to change or acceptance of it. It is the responsibility of a
manager to use group dynamics in such a way that the
solidarity of the group contributes to a favorable Attitude
towards high standards and acceptance of necessary
changes. In order to achieve this, the following principles
of group dynamics laid down by dorwin cartwright
should be followed
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 1) if the group is to be used effectively as a medium of change,
those people who are to be changed and those who are to be
changed and those who are exert influence for change must
have a strong sense of belongingness to the same group
 2). The more attractive the group is to its member, the greater is
the influence that the group can exert on its member
 3). In attempts to change attitudes, values or behavior, the more
relevant they are to the basis of attraction to the group, the
greater will be the influence that the group can exert upon the
members
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 4). The greater the prestige of a group member in the eyes
of the other members, the greater influence he can exert
 5). Efforts to change individuals or subparts of a group,
which if successful, would have the effect of making them
deviate from the norms of the group will be encounter
strong resistance
 6).strong pressure for change, thus making the source
pressure for change lie within the group
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 7). Information relating to need for change plans for
change, and consequences of change must be shared by
all relevant people in the group
 8). Changes, in one part of a group, produce strains in
related parts which can be reduced only by eliminating the
change or by bringing about readjustment in related parts
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EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL
LEADER
 How perceive by others
 He don’t have power comparing formal leader
 Lead for others trust & confidence of others
 If informal leader is not support organization it is barrier
to the organization
 A successful leader don’t have necessary to know other
leader
 Other people know leadership quality can be helpful or
disruptive
 Continuous recruitment (members)
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WORKING NORMS OF GROUPS
 Explicit statements by supervisors or co workers
 Critical events in the group’s history
 Primacy, or by virtue of their introduction early in the
group’s history; and
 Carry over behaviors from past situations.
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EMERGENCE OF INFORMAL
LEADERS
 Groups are unique and evolving entities. The individuals
within the group help determine the way the group will
operate by selecting their leaders from those who have the
special skills or abilities needed by their group.
 An informal leader is someone with in an organization or
work unit who, by virtue of how he or she is perceived by
his peers (or others in the organization) is seen as worthy
of paying attention to, or following. The major thing that
distinguishes an informal leader does not hold a position
of power or formal authority over those that choose to
follow him or her
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 The ability of informal leader to influence or lead others
rests on the ability of that person to evoke respect,
confidence, and trust in others, and it is no uncommon for
an informal leader to not intentionally try to lead
 Informal leaders can be exceedingly valuable to
organizations, and to the success of formal leaders, or, if
informal leaders do not support the formal leaders and
their agendas and vision, they can function as barriers in
the organzation
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 However, a successful leader of one group will not
necessarily be the acknowledged leader in another.
Although elected to an office, a person may not have the
required capabilities or be seen by others as directing the
group activities. This is especially true when other group
members are more clearly expressing leadership qualities.
In this situation, the other individuals can be helpful or
disruptive to the established leadership
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 Since the ability to perform the role of an elected officer
varies from one person to another, and since officers
change relatively frequently, a group is wise to tap the
capabilities of many of its members. In addition to
stipulating clearly the duties of the officers in the by-laws
and formalizing the conduct of meetings by adopting rules
of parliamentary procedure, an organization may establish
a number of special offices to complement the function of
the elected officers. Although these roles are not standard,
they can be useful to enhance the overall group activity
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WORKING NORMS OF
GROUP
 Group norms are the informal rules adopt to regulate
member’s behavior. Norms are characterized by their
evaluative nature; i.e., they refer to what should be done.
Norms represent value judgments about appropriate
behavior in social situations. Although they are
infrequently written down or even discussed , norms have
powerful influence on group behavior. If each individual
in a group decided how to behave in each interaction, no
one would be able to predict the behavior of any group
member; chaos would reign. Norms guide behavior and
reduce ambiguity in group
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 Groups do not establish norms about every conceivable
situation but only with respect to things that re significant
to the group. Norms might apply to every member of the
group or to only some members. Norms that apply
particular group members usually specify the role of
individuals. Norms vary in the degree to which they are
accepted by all members of the group- some are accepted
by almost every one , others by some members and not
others. For example, university
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 Understanding how group norms develop and why they
are enforced is important to managers. Group norms are
important determinants of whether a group will be
productive. A work group with the norm that its proper
role is to help management will be far more productive
than one whose norm is to be antagonistic to management.
Manager can play a part in setting and changing norms by
helping to set norms that facilitate tasks, assessing
whether a group’s norms are functional, and addressing
counterproductive norms with subordinates.
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 Norms usually develop slowly as groups learn those
behaviors that will facilitate their activities. However, this
slow development can be short- circuited by critical events
or by group’s decision to change norms. Most norms
develop in one more of four ways which are follows
 1.explicit statements by supervisors or co workers
 2. critical events in the group’s history
 3. primacy, or by virtue of their introduction early in the
group’s history; and
 4. carry-over behavior from past situations
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 Why group norms are enforced?
 The most important reason is to ensure group survival.
They are also enforced to simplify or make predictable the
expected behavior of the group members. That is, they are
enforced to help group avoid embarrassing interpersonal
problems, to express the central values of the group, and
to clarify what is distinctive about it.
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INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS N
GROUP
 Through the study of inter group relations – how people in
one group ( the ‘in-group’) think about and act towards
members of another group ( the ‘out-group’ ) – social
psychologists (eg., Brewer and Brown, Hewstone, Rubin
and Willis ) seek to understand a range of critical issues,
including;
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 1). Crowd behavior:
de individuation – A psychological state in which
rational control and adherence to norms is weekend,
leading to greater readiness to respond in an extreme
manner and to violate social norms.
2). Co operation and competition between groups:
the competitiveness of the between group interactions
subsequently perverted all aspects of inter group behavior,
becoming so extreme and conflictual
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 3) social identity:
group members strive to promote a favorable
identity for their group
4) Prejudice and discrimination
some of the most negative forms of intergroup behavior are demonstrations of prejudice and
discrimination
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 5). Replace social conflict with social harmony
prejudice and conflict are significant social ills
that produce enormous human suffering, ranging from
damaged self esteem, reduced opportunities, stigma and
socio economic disadvantage, all the way to inter-group
violence, war and genocide
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 Working on relationships
 Allow time for introductions
 Acknowledge that all members needs and sensitive
feelings
 Listen actively and non judgmentally to what each person
is saying
 Beware of your own biases; do not stereotype people
 Be honest
 Be humble
 Show enthusiasm
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THANK YOU,,,,,
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