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History: Chapter 27 Life in Two City-States: Athens and Sparta 1. Athens - a city near the sea surrounded by walls. Master potters and sculptors work inside the city walls. The citizens (free men) debate the issues, the wealthy and their slaves walked in the streets. potters sculptors 2. Sparta - a farming city on a plain without walls. The buildings and people were simple and soldiers roamed the streets. farmers ancient Greek soldiers 3. Geography - Why were Athens and Sparta different? Athens is in central Greece and Athenians were eager to spread their ideas and to learn from others. They were proud of their art and culture. In contrast, Sparta was more isolated, located between the mountains and the sea in the part of Greece called Peloponnesus. Spartans were suspicious of outsiders and their ideas. They grew what they needed and took those they didn’t from their neighbors through their strong armies. They produced soldiers rather than artists and thinkers. 4. Athenian Government - Athens became a democracy in 500 BCE. 4.1. It only allowed free men over 18 yrs old, born in Athens, to be citizens (NOT the women or slaves). 4.2. A group called the Council of 500 met everyday to run day-today business and suggested new laws. 4.3. The Assembly was made up of 6,000 citizens, met every 10 days on a hill, to approve proposed laws. If not enough people came, slaves rounded up more citizens who would appear with red marks on their robes (they were marked to embarrass them for not being present in the first place) Athenian men liked to gather and debate issues. They were proud of their freedom as Athenian citizens. 5. Athenian Economy - based on trade because it was close to a good harbor. economy - the way a community or region organizes the manufacture and exchange of money, food, products, and services. agora - a marketplace in ancient Greece. Athenians bought and sold goods at a huge marketplace like the one shown in the picture. Athens made its own coins to make trade easier. Coins were made of gold, silver, and bronze. One of their coins had an image of the goddess Athena on one side and the picture of their favorite bird, the owl, on the other side. 6. Education in Athens - Athenians believed that producing good citizens was the main purpose of education. Boys: From age 6 to 14, boys went to school and were taught reading, writing, arithmetic, and literature. Books were expensive, so they read them aloud and the boys memorized their content. They engaged in sports like wrestling and gymnastics. They also learned to sing and played the lyre. At 18, they begin their military training. After their service, rich young men studied with tutors to become political leaders. Girls: They were not taught to read or write. They were taught to cook, Clean, spin thread, and weave cloth in their homes by their mothers. They also learned songs and dances for religious festivals. They usually married at age 15. 7. Women and Slaves in Athens - Athenian Women: They did not inherit or own much property. They did not vote or attend the Assembly. Most could not even choose their own husbands. Some sold goods in the market and others were priestesses. Most Athenian women took care of their families at home and supervised the slaves. priestess - a female priest Athenian slaves: Most people in ancient Greece owned at least one slave, if they were not poor. Some slaves were born into slavery, others were captured in wars. Some did household chores and tutored the children. Others worked in factories or farms. Still others worked as craftsmen and city clerks. The unlucky ones worked in the silver mines. 8. Spartan Government - Sparta’s government was an oligarchy, the ruling power was in the hands of a few people. 8.1. They had an Assembly made up of male citizens. 8.2. Important decisions were made by the Council of Elders – made up of 2 kings and 28 other men. The kings inherited their power while the 28 men were elected by the Assembly. 8.3. To be elected to the Council of Elders, a man had to be at least 60 years old and from a noble family. Once elected, they served for life. 8.4. The Council of Elders prepared laws for the Assembly to vote on. 8.5. The Assembly could only vote yes or no on laws suggested by the Council and did not debate issues like the Athenian’s Assembly. 9. Spartan Economy - Sparta’s economy relied on farming and on conquering people. They did not have enough land so they took the land from their neighbors. Most Spartan men were warriors. They used slaves and noncitizens to produce needed goods. Those they capture in wars, they turned into slaves called helots. The helots continued to live in their villages but gave much of the food they grew to the Spartans. Perioikoi were free men, not slaves, but were noncitizens. They may be in the military but did not become part of the government. Most of them were craftsmen and traders. helots in the farm perioikoi in the military NOTE: Sparta discouraged trade. They feared contact with other city-states would lead to new ideas and weaken their government. Their system of money was the use of heavy iron bars, so they were harder to steal. 10. Education in Sparta - The purpose of education in Sparta was to produce men and women who could protect the city. Both boys and girls received military training from the age of 7. Spartan boys lived and trained in buildings called barracks. They learned wrestling, boxing, footracing, and gymnastics. They were also taught to read and write, but the Spartans did not feel this was important. At age 20, Spartan men were given difficult test of fitness and if they passed, they became Spartan soldiers and full citizens. They continued to live in barracks. A man could not live with his wife and family until he was 30 years old. 11. Women and Slaves in Sparta – Spartan women: They lived the same simple life as Spartan men with plain clothing and with little decoration. They were expected to be ready to fight. A woman was expected to guard her husband’s property in times of war against invaders and revolts from slaves. Spartan women were free to speak with other men. They could own and control their own property. A Spartan woman could marry another man if her husband had been away at war too long. Spartan slaves: The helots were slaves captured by the Spartans. There were more helots than citizens in Sparta. The Spartans were very harsh to the helots for fear that they may revolt against them. Helots had some rights, they can marry whomever and whenever they wanted. They can pass their names to their children. They can sell any extra crops after their master got his share. If they have enough money, they can even buy their freedom. Practice Questions: Chapter 27 Name: __________________________ 1. Date: ________________ Important decisions in Spartan government were made by the ___________________________ made up of 2 kings and 28 other men who were citizens. 2. _________________ were buildings where Spartan men lived to be trained as soldiers. 3. ________________ was a city-state near the sea and surrounded by city walls. 4. In Athenian government, the _____________________________ met everyday to run day-today business and suggested new laws. 5. In Spartan economy, there were _____________________ , who were free men, not slaves, but noncitizens who were soldiers, craftsmen, and traders. 6. Athenians bought and sold goods in a huge marketplace called __________________.