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The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632 Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D. 17 . September 2013 TUESDAY 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Trillions of the cells in the human body 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY Tissues 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 78 organs in the body 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 9 -13 systems 1. INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY 1. Skeletal System 2. Articular system Locomotor system 3. Muscular System 4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System 5. Respiratory System 6. Digestive (Alimentary) System 7. Urinary (Excretory) System 8. Reproductive (Genital) System 9. Endocrine System 10.Nervous system 11.Integumentary system None of the systems functions in isolation. passive skeletal & articular systems active muscular system collectively constitute a supersystem locomotor system must work together to produce locomotion of the body. brain and nerves of the nervous system stimulate them to act. arteries and veins of the circulatory system supply oxygen and nutrients remove waste from these structures. sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium) play important roles in directing their activities. bones and cartilages Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages form the skeletal system. bones and cartilages For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a framework is required. The sketetal system actually provides this framework for the body with its strong composure. Provides our basic shape. Supports the soft tissues Vital for the movement. Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle. skeleton of the head protects the brain which resides within itself. protects the spinal cord In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae arranged in 5 regions 7 cervical vertebrae 12 thoracic vertebrae 5 lumbar vertebrae 5 sacral vertebrae 4 coccygeal vertebrae part of the body between the neck and abdomen Skeletal framework formed by sternum in the middle 12 ribs on each side a 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly. part of the body between the neck and abdomen The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs; the heart and the lungs. The bones of the pelvis Right and left pelvic (hip) bones Sacrum Coccyx The three hip bones Ilium ischium Pubis Sacrum articulates superiorly with vertebra LV @ lumbosacral joint. Pelvic bones articulate posteriorly with sacrum @ sacro-iliac joints anteriorly with each other @ pubic symphysis. Pelvic skeleton protects lower part of the digestive system and urinary system reproductive system. joints & their associated ligaments Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal system and provide the sites at which movements occur. 3 types of muscles FXN controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear APPEARANCE striated (striped) or smooth LOCATION associated with the body wall (somatic), or with organs and blood vessels (visceral) transports fluids throughout the body. the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation network, the cardiovascular system. Heart pumps blood throughout the body Blood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood. 3 types of blood vessels Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Veins transport blood toward the heart. Capillaries connect the arteries and veins. where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues. Arteries in 3 classes According to; 1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media 2. Size of the vessel 3. Its function 1.Large elastic arteries 2.Medium muscular arteries 3.Small arteries and arterioles Large elastic arteries Too much elastic fibers @ tunica media Expansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart An example aorta Medium muscular arteries Smooth muscles @ tunica media Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the parts of the body. An example radial artery Small arteries and arterioles control the filling of the capillaries contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system. Veins into three classes Large veins thickest layer tunica externa superior vena cava & inferior vena cava Small and Medium veins small amounts of smooth muscle superficial veins in the upper and lower limbs deeper veins of the leg and forearm Venules smallest veins drain the capillaries Walls of the blood vessels consist of three layers or tunics 1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue layer 2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer 3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood vessels Right heart (Suction) poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood from the body superior vena cava & inferior vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs Left heart (Pumping) well- oxygenated (arterial) blood from the lungs pulmonary veins left atrium left ventricle aorta the body 34 The main artery in the body aorta. Arteries have also branches themselves. Blood flow in arteries Blood flow in veins Arteries have branches Arteries from the artery Veins have tributaries Veins drain into veins Some arteries divided into part by distinct muscles! maxillary artery a network of lymphatic vessels These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymph from the body's intercellular fluid compartment returns it to the bloodstream. lymph lymph vessels regional lymph nodes larger lymph nodes venous system Right heart Final destination air passages & lungs supply oxygen to the blood eliminate carbon dioxide from it. Upper respiratory tract Nose-Pharynx-Larynx Lower respiratory tract Respiratory organs of the thorax The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax. irregularly shaped cylinder superior thoracic aperture superiorly inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly. Superior thoracic aperture open, allowing continuity with the neck Inferior thoracic aperture closed by the diaphragm. important muscle for respiration forms a section between thorax and abdomen. consists of skeletal elements and muscles Posteriorly 12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs Laterally Ribs (12 on each side) & 3 layers of flat muscles Anteriorly Sternum manubrium of sternum, body of sternum, and xiphoid process enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm digestive tract from the mouth to the anus all its associated organs & glands function in: ingestion chewing Swallowing digestion absorption of food elimination of the solid waste (feces) bounded superiorly xiphoid process third-most inferior part- of the sternum costal margins posteriorly vertebral column inferiorly upper parts of the pelvic bones kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra filter blood produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete urine (liquid waste) The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the posterior abdominal region. The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys on each side. They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the bladder. part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs Pelvic cavity inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity. extends superiorly into the thoracic cage inferiorly into the pelvis its superior and inferior parts are relatively protected. Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the abdominopelvic cavity and its contents. limited inferiorly by musculofascial pelvic diaphragm suspended above the pelvic outlet forming a bowl-like pelvic floor. bounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum superior part of the sacrum formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity. Anteroinferior wall Bodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them Posterosuperior wall & ceiling Sacrum & Cocyx Terminal parts of the ureters Urinary bladder Rectum Pelvic genital organs Blood vessels Lymphatics Nerves + an overflow of abdominal viscera consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and the genitalia that enable their union. The reproductive tracts are located in the pelvic cavity. between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm inferiorly contains terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systems internal genital organs associated vascular structures nerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs. specialized structures secreting hormones discrete ductless endocrine glands isolated and clustered cells of the gut and blood vessel walls specialized nerve endings. Hormones influence metabolism & other processes menstrual cycle pregnancy parturition (giving birth) 2. NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM brain + spinal cord PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies outside the CNS. conduct impulses to or away from the CNS. organized into nerves that connect the CNS with peripheral structures Nerve cell Neuron structural & functional units of the nervous system Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons Neurons are specialized for rapid communication. Neuron has: Axon carries information Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s) In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei) In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia) A nerve fiber TWO TYPES efferent fibers goes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord to the periphery carrying information to accomplish a behavior/action afferent fibers carries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain Arc reflex Somatic fibers General sensory fibers general somatic afferent [GSA] fibers Transmit sensations from the body to the CNS Exteroceptive sensations from skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or pain Proprioceptive sensations from muscles, tendons, and joints Somatic fibers Somatic motor fibers general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles. Visceral fibers Visceral sensory fibers general visceral afferent [GVA] fibers transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS Visceral fibers Visceral motor fibers general visceral efferent [GVE] fibers Transmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues. presynaptic & postsynapti fibers conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands. presynaptic fibers postsynaptic fibers somatic parts of the CNS & PNS provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body (G. soma) except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position from sensory receptors somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle visceral nervous system or visceral motor system motor fibers that stimulate smooth (involuntary) muscle modified cardiac muscle glandular (secretory) cells In a spinal nerve you will find: Motor fibers Sensory fibers Autonomic nervous system fibers Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves bundles of sensory or motor fibers innervate muscles or glands carry impulses from sensory receptors or a combination of motor and sensory fibers. 12 pairs part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity. All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate from the brain. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered IXII, from rostral to caudal . Their names reflect their general distribution or function. carry one or more of the five main functional components. 1. Motor (efferent) fibers 2. Sensory (afferent) fibers 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc. 4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera 5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations e.g., taste, smell 1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) muscles include somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons 2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system. 2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS) @ a parasympathetic ganglion. Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland 3. Fibers transmitting general sensation e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc from the skin and mucous membranes. Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers. 4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera include visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) fibers conveying information from carotid body and sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart, and gastrointestinal tract. 5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations special visceral afferent fibers special sensory fibers conveying taste and smell special somatic afferent fibers special senses of vision, hearing, and balance Skin is the largest organ of the body. It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.