Download Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp by Rembrandt, 1632
Kaan Yücel M.D., Ph.D.
17 . September 2013 TUESDAY
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Trillions of the cells in the human body
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
Tissues
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
78 organs in the body
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
9 -13 systems
1. INTRODUCTION TO
SYSTEMATIC ANATOMY
1. Skeletal System
2. Articular system
Locomotor system
3. Muscular System
4. Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System
5. Respiratory System
6. Digestive (Alimentary) System
7. Urinary (Excretory) System
8. Reproductive (Genital) System
9. Endocrine System
10.Nervous system
11.Integumentary system
None of the systems functions
in isolation.


passive skeletal & articular systems
active muscular system
collectively constitute a supersystem
locomotor system
must work together to produce
locomotion of the body.
brain and nerves of the nervous system
stimulate them to act.
arteries and veins of the circulatory system
supply oxygen and nutrients
remove waste from these structures.
sensory organs (especially vision and equilibrium)
play important roles in directing their activities.
bones and cartilages
Bones are organs, and along with the cartilages
form the skeletal system.
bones and cartilages
For parts of the human body, other organs, muscles, vessels, etc. a
framework is required.
The sketetal system actually provides this framework
for the body with its strong composure.
Provides our basic shape.
Supports the soft tissues
Vital for the movement.
Serves as a point of attachment for ligaments, tendons, fascia, and muscle.
skeleton of the head
protects the brain which resides within itself.
protects the spinal cord
In an adult typically consists of 33 vertebrae
arranged in 5 regions
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
5 sacral vertebrae
4 coccygeal vertebrae
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
Skeletal framework
formed by
sternum in the middle
12 ribs on each side a
12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly.
part of the body between the neck and abdomen
The thoracic skeleton forms a framework to protect two vital organs;
the heart and the lungs.
The bones of the pelvis
Right and left pelvic (hip) bones
Sacrum
Coccyx
The three hip bones
 Ilium
 ischium
 Pubis
Sacrum articulates superiorly with vertebra LV @ lumbosacral joint.
Pelvic bones articulate
posteriorly with sacrum @ sacro-iliac joints
anteriorly with each other @ pubic symphysis.
Pelvic skeleton protects
 lower part of the digestive system and urinary system
 reproductive system.
joints & their associated ligaments
Joints & ligaments connect the bony parts of the skeletal
system and provide the sites at which movements occur.
3 types of muscles
FXN
controlled voluntarily or involuntarily, whether they appear
APPEARANCE
striated (striped) or smooth
LOCATION
associated with the body wall (somatic),
or with organs and blood vessels (visceral)
transports fluids throughout the body.
the heart and blood vessels make up the blood transportation
network, the cardiovascular system.
Heart pumps blood throughout the body
Blood vessels, closed network of tubes, transport the blood.
3 types of blood vessels
Arteries transport blood away from the heart.
Veins transport blood toward the heart.
Capillaries connect the arteries and veins.
where oxygen, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged within the tissues.
Arteries in 3 classes
According to;
1. Amount of smooth muscles & elastic fibers @ tunica media
2. Size of the vessel
3. Its function
1.Large
elastic arteries
2.Medium
muscular arteries
3.Small arteries and
arterioles
Large elastic arteries
Too much elastic fibers @ tunica media
Expansion and recoil and constant blood flow to the heart
An example aorta
Medium muscular arteries
Smooth muscles @ tunica media
Regulation of the diameter of vessels and control of the flow to the
parts of the body.
An example radial artery
Small arteries and arterioles
control the filling of the capillaries
contribute to the arterial pressure in the vascular system.
Veins into three classes
Large veins
thickest layer tunica externa
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
Small and Medium veins
small amounts of smooth muscle
superficial veins in the upper and lower limbs
deeper veins of the leg and forearm
Venules
smallest veins
drain the capillaries
Walls of the blood vessels consist of
three layers or tunics
1. tunica externa (adventitia) outer connective tissue layer
2. tunica media middle smooth muscle layer
3. tunica intima inner endothelial lining of the blood vessels
Right heart (Suction)
poorly- oxygenated(venous) blood
from the body
superior vena cava & inferior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
lungs
Left heart (Pumping)
well- oxygenated (arterial) blood
from the lungs
pulmonary veins
left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
the body
34
The main artery in the body
aorta.
Arteries have also branches
themselves.
Blood flow in arteries
Blood flow in veins
Arteries have branches
Arteries from the artery
Veins have tributaries
Veins drain into veins
Some arteries
divided into part
by distinct
muscles!
maxillary artery
a network of lymphatic vessels
These vessels take the excess tissue fluid lymph
from the body's intercellular fluid compartment
returns it to the bloodstream.
lymph
lymph vessels
regional lymph nodes
larger lymph nodes
venous system
Right heart
Final destination
air passages & lungs
supply oxygen to the blood
eliminate carbon dioxide from it.
Upper respiratory tract
Nose-Pharynx-Larynx
Lower respiratory tract
Respiratory organs of the thorax
The lower respiratory tract fills most of the thorax.
irregularly shaped cylinder
superior thoracic aperture superiorly
inferior thoracic aperture inferiorly.
Superior thoracic aperture open,
allowing continuity with the neck
Inferior thoracic aperture closed
by the diaphragm.
important muscle for respiration
forms a section between thorax and abdomen.
consists of skeletal elements and muscles
Posteriorly
12 thoracic vertebrae and their intervening intervertebral discs
Laterally
Ribs (12 on each side) & 3 layers of flat muscles
Anteriorly
Sternum
manubrium of sternum, body of sternum, and
xiphoid process
enclosed by the thoracic wall and the diaphragm
digestive tract
from the mouth to the anus
all its associated organs & glands
function in:
ingestion
chewing
Swallowing
digestion
absorption of food
elimination of the solid waste (feces)
bounded
superiorly
xiphoid process
third-most inferior part- of the sternum
costal margins
posteriorly
vertebral column
inferiorly
upper parts of the
pelvic bones
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, & urethra
filter blood
produce, transport, store, & intermittently excrete
urine (liquid waste)
The two bean-shaped kidneys are located in the posterior
abdominal region.
The ureters are muscular tubes that transport urine from the
kidneys to the bladder.
The ureters descend down to the pelvis exiting from the kidneys
on each side.
They enter the pelvic cavity, and continue their journey to the
bladder.
part of the trunk inferoposterior to the abdomen
area of transition between the trunk & lower limbs
Pelvic cavity
inferior most part of the abdominopelvic cavity.
extends superiorly into the thoracic cage
inferiorly into the pelvis
its superior and inferior parts are relatively protected.
Perforating wounds in either the thorax or the pelvis may therefore involve the
abdominopelvic cavity and its contents.
limited inferiorly by musculofascial
pelvic diaphragm
suspended above the pelvic outlet
forming a bowl-like pelvic floor.
bounded posteriorly by coccyx and inferiormost sacrum
superior part of the sacrum
formes a roof over the posterior half of the cavity.
Anteroinferior wall
Bodies of the pubic bones +pubic symphysis uniting them
Posterosuperior wall & ceiling
Sacrum & Cocyx
Terminal parts of the ureters
Urinary bladder
Rectum
Pelvic genital organs
Blood vessels
Lymphatics
Nerves
+
an overflow of abdominal viscera
consists of the gonads (ovaries and testes) that produce
oocytes (eggs) and sperms, the ducts that transport them, and
the genitalia that enable their union.
The reproductive tracts are located
in the pelvic cavity.
between the pelvic inlet superiorly and the pelvic diaphragm inferiorly
contains
terminal parts of the urinary and digestive systems
internal genital organs
associated vascular structures
nerves supplying both the pelvis and lower limbs.
specialized structures secreting hormones
discrete ductless endocrine glands
isolated and clustered cells of the
gut and blood vessel walls
specialized nerve endings.
Hormones
influence metabolism & other processes
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
parturition (giving birth)
2. NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
brain + spinal cord
PERIPHEREAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
consists of nerve fibers and cell bodies
outside the CNS.
conduct impulses to or away from the CNS.
organized into nerves that connect the CNS
with peripheral structures
Nerve cell Neuron
structural & functional units of the nervous system
Neuroglia- cells supporting neurons
Neurons are specialized for rapid communication.
Neuron has:
Axon carries information
Dendirites in communication with the surrounding neurons
A collection of neurons for doing the same function(s)
In the CNS Nucleus (pl., nuclei)
In the PNS Ganglion (pl., ganglia)
A nerve fiber
TWO TYPES
efferent fibers
goes down from the brain or leaves out from the spinal cord
to the periphery
carrying information to accomplish a behavior/action
afferent fibers
carries information from periphery or from spinal cord to the brain
Arc reflex
Somatic fibers
General sensory fibers
general somatic afferent [GSA] fibers
Transmit sensations from the body to the CNS
Exteroceptive sensations from
skin pain, temperature, touch, & pressure or pain
Proprioceptive sensations from
muscles, tendons, and joints
Somatic fibers
Somatic motor fibers
general somatic efferent [GSE] fibers
transmit impulses to skeletal (voluntary) muscles.
Visceral fibers
Visceral sensory fibers
general visceral afferent [GVA] fibers
transmit pain or subconscious visceral reflex sensations
e.g. information concerning distension, blood gas, and blood pressure levels
from hollow organs and blood vessels to CNS
Visceral fibers
Visceral motor fibers
general visceral efferent [GVE] fibers
Transmit impulses to smooth muscles & glandular tissues.
presynaptic & postsynapti fibers
conduct impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle or glands.
presynaptic
fibers
postsynaptic
fibers
somatic parts of the CNS & PNS
provides sensory & motor innervation to all parts of the body
(G. soma)
except viscera in the body cavities, smooth muscle, and glands
transmits sensations of touch, pain, temperature, and position
from sensory receptors
somatic motor system innervates only skeletal muscle
visceral nervous system or visceral motor system
motor fibers that stimulate
smooth (involuntary)
muscle
modified cardiac muscle
glandular (secretory) cells
In a spinal nerve you will find:
Motor fibers
Sensory fibers
Autonomic nervous system fibers
Like spinal nerves, cranial nerves
bundles of sensory or motor fibers
innervate muscles or glands
carry impulses from sensory receptors
or a combination of motor and sensory fibers.
12 pairs
part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
pass through foramina or fissures in the cranial cavity.
All nerves except one, the accessory nerve [XI], originate
from the brain.
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which are numbered IXII, from rostral to caudal .
Their names reflect their general distribution or function.
carry one or more of the five main functional components.
1. Motor (efferent) fibers
2. Sensory (afferent) fibers
3. Fibers transmitting general sensation
e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc.
4. Fibers conveying sensation from the
viscera
5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations
e.g., taste, smell
1. Motor fibers to voluntary (striated) muscles
include somatic motor (general somatic efferent) axons
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
include visceral motor (general visceral efferent) axons
constitute cranial outflow of parasympathetic system.
2. Motor fibers innervating involuntary muscles or glands
Presynaptic (preganglionic) fibers emerge from the brain
synapse outside the central nervous system (CNS)
@ a parasympathetic ganglion.
Postsynaptic (postganglionic) fibers innervate smooth muscles & glands
e.g.sphincter pupillae & lacrimal gland
3. Fibers transmitting general sensation
e.g., touch, pressure, heat, cold, etc
from the skin and mucous membranes.
Include somatic sensory (general somatic afferent) fibers.
4. Fibers conveying sensation from the viscera
include visceral sensory (general visceral afferent) fibers
conveying information from
carotid body and sinus, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, heart,
and gastrointestinal tract.
5. Fibers transmitting unique sensations
special visceral afferent fibers
special sensory fibers conveying taste and smell
special somatic afferent fibers
special senses of vision, hearing, and balance
Skin is the largest organ of the body.
It consists of the epidermis and the dermis.