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Unit 1 Review Industrialization of the United States The Civil War Amendments: 13th: Abolishment of Slavery 14th: Citizenship for African Americans 15th: Voting rights for African American males After the abolition of slavery by the, many ex-slave states adopted versions of the Black Code systems that restricted the Freedmen, who were free but not yet citizens. They gave freedmen only a limited set of second-class civil rights, and no voting rights. Southern plantation owners feared that they would lose their land or, if not, that blacks would not do their field work. The Gilded Age The term "The Gilded Age" comes from a novel of the same name published in 1873 by Mark Twain It is a time of rampant economic and political corruption in the United States during the nineteenth century. At the time the U.S. followed the policy of Laissez Faire which is a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights. This policy allowed monopolies to form which reduced business competition. Robber Barons who drove other companies out of business or Captains of Industry who built this country? John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie (Standard Trust Oil) (Carnegie Steel) Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act) -passed in 1890 to control and breakup monopolies -first Federal statute to limit monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. -politicians were unwilling to enforce this law until Teddy Roosevelt's Presidency (1901-1909). Social Darwinism V. The wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a way that it will be put to good use (i.e. universities, libraries, etc. Any attempt to provide welfare for the poor is a tragically misguided mistake. Feeding or housing the poor simply permits them to survive and to transmit their unfitness to their children, who in turn would pass it on to their children. Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well in Pennsylvania Thomas Edison invented many things including the light bulb. Alexander Graham Bell invented the phone. The invention of the Bessemer steel process strengthened steel so new things like skyscrapers could be built…the elevator helped to! Although industrialization provided many cheap products it was difficult on the workers who suffered unsafe conditions, long hours and repetitive jobs. Before laws were passed stopping it, many children also worked in factories. 5% of the factory workers were children. Unions are organizations where the workers bargain with the factory owner as a group in order to get more pay, shorter hours, and better conditions. *The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers *The AFL's “bread and butter unionism” favored pursuit of workers' immediate demands, rather than challenging the rights of owners under capitalism. *The AFL was limited to skilled workers. There were 3 major very violent strikes in the late 1800’s including: The Haymarket Square Riot,1886 The Homestead strike, 1892 The Pullman Strike, 1893 In each of these strikes the government called out the police, army, etc to break up the strike and force the strikers back to work. CHART Immigration, 1870-1910 After 1870 immigrants predominantly came from Eastern and Southern Europe, the Middle East, and Asia (before that they usually came from Western Europe). These immigrants were called the New Immigrants and often had little in common with native born Americans (language, religion, culture, etc.). Dislike or fear of immigrants is called NATIVISM. If you came from Europe, the main point of entry was through Ellis Island off the coast of New York City Ellis Island If you came from Asia and entered the country on the West Coast you checked in at Angel Island off the coast of San Francisco. Public education expanded significantly after the Civil War. One of the major purposes of education was Americanization of immigrants. The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first significant restriction on free immigration in U.S. history. It excluded Chinese laborers from the country under penalty of imprisonment and deportation. Newly arrived rural Americans (Farmers) and new immigrants crowded into urban areas. Tenements spread across city landscapes, teeming with crime and filth. Land was distributed in 3 main ways in the west: Homestead Act Morrill Land Grant Act Gov. gave land to railroads who then sold the excess for a premium price after building the railroad. The Homestead Act (1862) offered 160 acres of unoccupied land to any head of household who lived on the land for five years. EXODUSTERS was the name given to ex-slaves who received land in the west. Morrill Land Grant Act: States were given blocks of land to sell and build state colleges. Railroads were given land by the government to build the railroad. They sold the excess land at a premium price. The railroads became the biggest land owners in the west. The 3 main jobs available in the west were farming, mining, and ranching. All 3 of these were subject to Boom and Bust cycles (rich one year and broke the next). The invention of barbed wire ended the era of the great cattle drives With the arrival of the settlers taking advantage of the Homestead Act in 1862, there began to be violence between the Plains Tribes and the Homesteaders. To solve this problem the government put the Native Americans on limited reservations and told them to farm. The Plains Tribes were nomads who followed the buffalo and did not want to farm. Following the buffalo for food caused the Native Americans to leave their reservations. The U.S. army attempted to force them back onto the reservations. Famous battles/massacres included Sand Creek, Little Big Horn, and Wounded Knee. In 1881 Helen Hunt Jackson published the book "Century of Dishonor" in which she outlined all the inequities perpetrated against the Indians. Jackson's book was well received and Congress appointed a commission to look into Indian affairs. The result was the Dawes Act. The Dawes Act,1887, was passed by the U.S. to break up the reservations (Dawes Divided!) and given Native Americans their own piece of land of 160 acres The aim of the act was to absorb tribe members into American society and to free up reservation land for American settlement. -1892, 30-year-old Homer Plessy was jailed for sitting in the "White" car of the East Louisiana Railroad. -Plessy deliberately sat in the white section and was arrested and the case went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. -1896, the Supreme Court of the United States heard the case and held the Louisiana segregation statute constitutional -The Plessy decision set the precedent that "separate" facilities for blacks and whites were constitutional as long as they were "equal." -The "separate but equal" doctrine was quickly extended to cover many areas of public life, such as restaurants, theaters, restrooms, and public schools. In the late 1800’s many southern states passed laws intended to restrict the African American vote such as: Literacy Tests and Poll Taxes IF a person’s grandfather could vote prior to 1865 (Grandfather Clause) however they did not have to meet these qualifications! Booker T=work hard and prove worthy of equal rights (established Tuskegee Institute) W.E.B. Dubois= Equal rights NOW! (NAACP) Because of Garfield’s assassination, Senator George Pendleton proposed civil service exams for government positions instead of the spoils system (Pendleton Civil Service Act)