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The Gilded Age 1880-1900 immigration urbanization laissez-faire Social-Darwinism factory industrialization east survival In the last half of the 1800’s the growth of __________________________led to the expansion of the middle class, the formation of trusts, and the creation of labor unions. As ___________________________increased, population in urban centers of the north east increased. When population increases in cities it is called ____________________________. Most immigrants settled in cities along the _____ coast because many ____________________jobs were available. These new sources of labor for American factories were immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe. The United States economy between 1865 and 1900 grew rapidly because of the governmental policy of _____________________. This hands off approach by the government, let business do whatever they needed to do to succeed. As businesses began to prosper, the term ___________________________was used to justify the accumulation of great wealth by industrialists. Social Darwinism also promoted the idea that stronger businesses would succeed at the expense of weaker business. This ____________________of the fittest/only the strong survive philosophy was created by Charles Darwin. ruthless John D. Rockefeller prevent Business monopoly overcharge robber baron Andrew Carnegie Sherman Anti-Trust Act _____________________________, _______________________, and J.P. Morgan were all business man who made millions of dollars during the Gilded Era. The term ________________was used to criticize the tactics of these big business leaders because they used ______________tactics against their competition. News forms of business were created to continue to control industries led by these men. The term __________________________________ can best be described as a company that dominates an industry. By having total control of an industry, corrupt business leaders were able to ____________________ customers. Specifically the creation of the Standard Oil Trust by John D. Rockefeller was intended to also control prices in the oil refining business. To try and regulate corrupt practices of big business, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Act and the_________________________________________. The Sherman Antitrust Act was specifically designed to try and _____________________ monopolies and corrupt business practices. management workers labor support gains labor unions major goals improving collective bargaining Workers union As industrialization became a major boost to the American economy and corrupt business practices increased, ___________________started to feel like they were being taken advantage of. During the period from 1865 to 1900, disputes between___________________ and ____________________ were often marked by the use of violence by both sides. Individual workers would finally get relief in the form of _______________________. Labor unions had difficulty achieving their goals because the government would often _____________________business over labor (workers). The Slogan “Eight hours for work, eight hours of sleep, and eight hours for what you will” was used in the late 1800’s to promote a __________________________ of organized labor. Labor unions in the United States had major gains in ________________________wages and hours. The success of the American Federation of Labor can be attributed to the policy of focusing on _______________in wages and working condition. The use of ________________________ helped workers by using discussions between labor union leaders and management to agree on a contract for workers. Samuel Gompers, Terence Powderly, Eugene Debs were leaders in the _____________________________to further improve working conditions. entering cheap Immigrants assimilated restrictions transcontinental Nativists Homestead Act As workers began to fight for improvements, they became increasingly angry that __________________________were taking jobs away from Americans. Workers called for _____________________________to be placed on immigration. The Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) and the Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan were actions taken that reflected nativist ideas to control the amount of Chinese immigrants ________________________the U.S. ___________________ were a group who hated the immigrants who moved into the urban centers of the North east. The main reason that the United States did not limit immigration at first was that the expanding economy needed a supply of __________________ labor. The children immigrants who lived in the U.S were quickly _____________________ into American culture by becoming educated in public schools. Besides the heavy growth of the Northeast cities like New York, the West was also growing at a tremendous rate after the _______________________railroad connected the entire country. The Homestead Act was important to the growth of the West because it encouraged the settlement of the Great Plains. Homestead Act Railroad Government regulate farmers Dawes controlled overpricing Federal Civil Service System Indian Wars reservations government ______________________________ promised settlers 160 acres of free land if they moved West and created farms. These farmers would become dependent on the ___________________________for the transportation of their goods. The railroads were ______________________________by Robber Baron Cornelius Vanderbilt who charged farmers 5 times the regular price. ____________________ formed the Grangers and the Populist Movements to unite and fight against the ______________of the railroads. Farmers began to pressure the government to __________________the railroads to prevent them from overcharging. As farmers settled the west, Native Americans were again in conflict with settlers. The _____________________of 1860 and 1890 were fueled by the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains. The passage of the ________________________ affected the Native Americans by attempting to assimilate them in to mainstream culture. Often the Native Americans were forced to give up their traditional land and become farmers and live on___________________________. The __________________________________________ was begun in the late 19th century to reduce the practice of political patronage. People who wanted _____________________jobs were hired based on test scores. This ended the Andrew Jackson Spoils System.