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Unit 7
Emergence of New Empires
Chapter 21
The Byzantine Empire
Key Facts
1. The Byzantine Empire was the Eastern half of the
Roman Empire.
2. This Empire lasted 1100 years after the fall of Rome.
3. Constantinople was responsible for making the
Empire strong.
4. The Christian religion split and the Eastern Orthodox
church was formed.
5. The Byzantine Empire eventually fell to the
Muslims.
What to Know
•1. The capital of the Byzantine empire was Constantinople, the site of
the old Greek city of Byzantium..
•2. Constantinople’s political, social, and architectural lives’ were
patterned after those of Rome.
•3. Constantinople built many shrines and churches dedicated to the
Christian faith.
•4.
In 527 CE, Justinian became the emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
•5. Justinian’s greatest achievement was the creation of a code of laws
called Justinian’s Code.
•6. This code gave greater rights to women and became the basis of
Western law to this day.
• 7. Justinian’s greatest architectural achievement was the Hagia Sophia,
which still stands today.
8. In 1054, a split in the Roman Catholic Church occurred. This split
was caused by…
A) The Western churches (Roman Catholic) use of icons.
B) The Patriarch’s (head of Byzantine church) refusal to recognize the
Pope as the head of the church.
C) The Byzantine’s use of the Greek language in their church services.
D) The Pope crowning Charlemagne the Holy Roman Emperor.
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Leader
Pope
Ruler/Patriarch
Language
Latin
Greek
Icons
Yes
No
9. The Byzantines began to lose power in the 1100s, however, the
capital city remained strong due to its location.
10. The Byzantine Empire fell in 1453 to the Turkish Muslims.
11. The Byzantine accomplishments included…
a)
rich, beautiful cities
b)
a well developed education system
c)
spreading of Christianity eastward
d)
spread of trade, inventions, and fine arts
Chapter 22
The Spread of Islam
Key Facts
•Followers of Islam are called Muslims.
•The faith started with the prophet Muhammad.
•The teachings of Islam are found in the Koran, the Five
Pillars, the Sunna and the Sharia.
•The religion began on the Arabian Peninsula.
•The holy cities are Mecca and Medina.
•The Muslims spread their religion through conquest.
•The Muslims were well skilled in mathematics, medicine, and
the arts.
What to Know
1. Mecca (Makkah) had a holy shrine to which Arab pilgrims came to
worship.
2. Muhammad was born in Mecca in 570 CE.
3. In 613 CE, Muhammad began to preach that the only god is Allah.
4. In 622 CE, Muhammad was exiled to Medina (Yathrib) where he
organized the city’s government and army.
5. This journey to Medina was known as the Hegira (Hijrah).
6. The year of the Hegira, a major turning point in the development
of Islam, became the first year of the Muslim calendar.
7. At Medina, Muhammad gained more followers until he was ready
to return in strength to Mecca.
8. The people of Mecca accepted Islam when Muhammad entered
Mecca at the head of a powerful army.
9. For the next two years Muhammad unified the Arabs of the
peninsula as their religious and political leader. He was ready to
march north to spread the religion in a jihad (holy war) when he
died in 632.
Islam as a Religion
•The basic scripture for Islam is the Koran.
•The Koran is not only a religious text, but a
prescription for a way of life.
•The Koran sets ethical standards that stress honesty,
generosity, and justice. Harsh penalties for crimes such
as robbery and murder are based on ancient "eye for an
eye" vengeance concepts.
•The Muslim Sabbath is Friday when prayers should be
said in a mosque.
•
The basic requirements of a devout Muslim are the Five Pillars of
Islam.
1. The first pillar is the acceptance of Allah as the one God and that
Muhammad is his messenger. (Muslims accept Abraham, Moses,
and Jesus as prophets)
2. The second pillar is to bow in ritual prayer five times a day while
facing Mecca, preferably in a mosque.
3. The third pillar is to help the poor.
4. The fourth pillar is to fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy
month of Ramadan as a sign of faith.
5. The last pillar is to make a Haj, a pilgrimage to Mecca, at least
once in a lifetime, if possible.
Chapter 23: The Eastern Slavs
Key Facts
•Early Russian states developed around Kiev.
•The early people of Russia accepted the Eastern
Orthodox faith.
•They used the Russian language in the church
services, so their form of Christianity was called
Russian Orthodox.
•Most of early Russian culture was adopted from the
Byzantines.
Chapter Summary
1. The first group of people to settle in Russia were the Slavs
sometime between 500-800CE.
2. They settled along the forested land west of the Volga River.
3. BY the end of the 800s, Kievan Rus had established a trade route
that ran from the Baltic Sea to the Caspian Sea.
4. In 882 CE, the Viking Oleg established a Russian capital at Kiev.
5. Kiev was brought to great heights under the leadership of Rurik.
6. By 988, Byzantine culture heavily influenced Russia. Eastern
Orthodox became the official religion and the Russian language
was based on the Cyrillic Alphabet.
7. IN the early 1000s, Kievan ruler Yaroslav the Wise
supported learning, encouraged artisans, and organized
laws.
8. Around 1240, Kiev was invaded and conquered by the
Mongols. Most Russian people fled north to an area called
Muscovy (Moscow).
9. Moscow gradually became the center for economic and
religious life.
10. In the late 1400s, Ivan the Great ended Mongol control of
Russia, and took the title of Czar.
11. By 1552, a ruler named Ivan the Terrible rid Russia of
Mongol presence and united the kingdoms of Kiev,
Moscow, and Novgorod.