Download Daily Grammar Practice (DGP) Notes

Daily Grammar Practice
(DGP) Notes
Grammar
A method of describing the way
people actually use language
in both spoken and written
forms.
Grammar “rules” depend on:
O Culture—where we live and what the norm is
O
O
O
O
O
in our area
Economic Status—how much money we
make
Educational Level—how my education we
have obtained
Social Group—who we are keeping company
with
Informal/Formal Setting—where we are
Dialect—language/pronunciation depending
on where we live
Language is constantly
evolving (changing):
O Old terms become more modern:
privy/toilet
O Words are incorporated from other languages:
burrito
O Words are made up:
smog (smoke/fog)
O Familiar words receive new “invented” uses:
“mouse” for the computer
So if rules are dependent and
language always changes . . .
why do we study grammar?
Our social mobility and
economic success frequently
depend upon our ability to
communicate with the greatest
number of people.
In other words . . .
SO THAT WE CAN BE
SUCCESSFUL IN LIFE!
Grammar Quiz
1. Define grammar.
2. What are the six things that
affect grammar “rules”.
3. Name four ways in which
language constantly evolves
(changes).
4. Why do we study grammar?
The 8 parts of
Speech
NOUN
A person, place, or thing
O Abstract—intangible; cannot touch it
love, justice, peace
O Concrete—tangible; can touch it
house, computer, cat
O Proper—names/titles that are capitalized
Mrs. Dunbar, Amy, Joey
O Common—generic; not capitalized
dog, truck, camera
O Singular—one
bus, boy, shirt
O Plural—more than one
buses, boys, shirts
O Regular—add “s” or “es” to make the noun plural
lamps, socks, bosses
O Irregular—change form (spelling) or remain unchanged
goose/geese
sheep/sheep
O Countable—can be numbered
cookies, toys, pencils
O Non-countable—does not have a plural form; cannot be
numbered
sympathy, laughter, air
O Collective—group; a _______ of _______
flock, herd, class, committee OF
birds, elk, students, citizens
O Possessive Noun—shows ownership
O A singular noun can be made possessive by adding (‘s)
The blue bike is Jessica’s.
The bus’s seats are available.
O A plural noun that does not end in (s) can be made
possessive by adding (‘s)
The women’s reading club will meet at the library.
O A plural noun that ends in (s) can be made possessive
by adding an (‘)
We are studying animals’ habitats.
NOUN QUIZ
NOUN
ABSTRACT/
CONCRETE
PROPER/
COMMON
SINGULAR/
PLURAL
REGULAR/
IRREGULAR
friends
goose
air
Mr. Black
barn
1. Make the underlined words possessive:
The glass liquid.
The man coat.
The zebra.
2. Name one collective noun.
COUNTABLE/
NONCOUNTABLE
PRONOUN
A word that takes the
place of a noun
1st person pronoun—having to
do with “me”
2nd person pronoun—having to
do with “you”
3rd person pronoun—having to
do with everyone
Nominative/Subjective—acts as the
subject in a sentence.
Singular
Plural
1st person
I
we
2nd person
you
you
3rd person
he/she/it
they
Examples:
I am here.
We were there.
Objective—acts as an object of a
verb or preposition.
Singular
Plural
1st person
me
us
2nd person
you
you
3rd person
him/her/it
them
Examples:
Sally bought him a present.
The company will pay them.
Possessive—shows possession of
the noun.
Singular
Plural
1st person
mine
ours
2nd person
yours
yours
3rd person
his/hers/its
theirs
Examples:
The flowers on the mantel are mine.
The books on the shelf are ours.
Reflexive/Intensive—refers back to
the noun/pronoun used earlier in
the sentence.
Singular
Plural
1st person
myself
ourselves
2nd person
yourself
yourselves
3rd person
himself/herself/itself
themselves
Examples:
Perry found himself alone.
The children themselves baked cookies.
Relative—starts dependent clause;
that, which, who/whom, whose
(modify the noun preceding it)
Examples:
. . . that has been caged
. . . which has been in storage
. . . who helped us was courteous
. . . whose shoes are red
Interrogative Pronoun—asks;
who/whom,whose,which,what.
Examples:
Who will do the work?
To whom do I address the letter?
Whose is this?
Which is the dogs favorite toy?
What is the model of that vehicle?
Demonstrative—demonstrates
which one; this, that, these, those
Examples:
This is a dirty shirt.
These are dirty shirts.
That is a clean shirt.
Those are clean shirts.
Indefinite—takes the place of nouns
that cannot be named specifically.
Examples:
Anybody can learn to skate.
Few students walk to school.
Someone will visit our home.
Reciprocal—restates subject
Examples:
They love each other. (only two)
Nate and Mandy love each other.
They love one another. (more than two)
The three siblings love one another.
PRONOUN QUIZ
1. Define pronoun.
2. 1st person=___, 2nd person=___, 3rd person=___
3. Define and give an example of the following types of
pronouns:
subjective
objective
possessive
reflexive
relative
4. Brady and Jill walked with _____ _____.
(one another/each other)
interrogative
demonstrative
indefinite
reciprocal
VERB
Links two words together,
shows action, or helps another
verb
O Linking—links the subject with a noun/pronoun/adjective
that comes after the verb
She is pretty.
The cake tastes bad. (5 sense verbs)
**If it sounds like an action verb, but can be replaced with
a “be” verb, it is a linking verb.
Be Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, being, been
The flower smells pretty.
The dog smells the flower.
The flower is pretty.
YES!
The dog is the flower. NO!
O Action—the subject performs the action
Jennifer threw the ball.
O Helping—helps an action or linking verb
We have been taking notes on grammar.
(taking is an action verb; all verbs before that are
helping)
She will be cold without a jacket.
(be is a linking verb)
VERB TENSE
Indication of TIME that is going
on or has gone by
O Present—happening now
Jump, talk, eat, is eating
O Past—happened previously
jumped, talked, fell, was eating
O Future—will happen in the future
will jump, shall talk, will be eating
O Present Perfect—have or has plus past participle
has jumped, have been eating
O Past Perfect—had plus past participle
had jumped, had been eating
O Future Perfect—will have or shall have plus past
participle
will have jumped, shall have talked
VERBAL—verb not behaving like verb
O Gerund—verb that acts like a noun and end in –ing
Reading is fun.
I enjoy shopping.
O Infinitive—to + verb; can act like a noun
I like to eat.
I helped drill the hole. (“to” is suggested)
.
O Transitive—a verb that expresses an action
directed towards a direct object (noun)
Tell the truth (tell is directed toward truth)
O Intransitive—a verb that expresses action without
the action being passed to the receiver or object
Last Saturday we stayed inside. (inside is a
preposition)
VERB QUIZ
1. Define verb.
2. Define verbal.
3. Label the following words as action (av), helping
(hv), or linking verbs (lv):
tastes
skated
will help
4. Give an example of a verb in the following
tenses:
present
past
future
present perfect
past perfect
future perfect
5. Define gerund and infinitive.
6. What is the difference between transitive and
intransitive?
ADJECTIVE
Describes a noun
Tells Which one? How many? and What kind?
blue dress, ten dollars, American flag
Articles: a, an, the
ADVERB
Describes an adjective, verb, or other adverb
Tells How? When? Where? And To what extent?
carefully, yesterday, amazingly
Not is always an adverb.
ADJECTIVE/ADVERB QUIZ
1. Define adjective.
2. Define adverb.
3. What questions does an adjective
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
answer?
What questions does an adverb answer?
What are the three articles?
Is not an adverb or an adjective?
Write a sentence with an adjective and
underline it.
Write a sentence with an adverb and
underline it.
PREPOSITION
Shows relationship between noun/pronoun and
another word
across
against
around
at
before
below
between
by
during
except
for
from
in
of
off
on
over
since
through
so
under
until
with
because
to
up
down
into
CONJUNCTION
Joins words or groups of words
O Coordinating
FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
O Subordinating
start dependent clauses
After the dance. . . .
Since your were out . . .
O Correlative
not only/but also, neither/nor, either/or, both/and
INTERJECTION!
A word that shows excitement or emotion
Oh!
Wow!
Aha!
Well!
Ouch!
Hurray!
PREPOSITION,
CONJUNCTION, AND
INTERJECTION QUIZ
1. Define preposition.
2. Name 6 prepositions.
3. Define conjunction.
4. Name the 7 coordinating
conjunctions.
5. Name 3 correlating
conjunctions.
6. Give an example of two
interjections!
CLAUSES AND
SENTENCE TYPES
CLAUSES
Every clause must have a subject and a verb.
Subject: part of sentence about which
something is being said; understood as “you”
TYPES OF CLAUSES
O Independent—can stand on its own; every sentence
must have at least one independent clause.
Shelly is a great dancer.
O Dependent—cannot stand on its own; it depends on
an independent clause.
who competes on a regular basis.
SENTENCE TYPES
O Simple—one independent clause
Mike likes to swim.
O Compound—two or more independent clauses
Mike likes to swim, and he loves to fish.
O Complex—one independent clause + one or more
dependent clauses
Mike likes to swim and fish while he’s out on the
lake.
O Compound-complex—two or more independent
clauses + one or more dependent clauses
Mike likes to swim, and he loves to fish while he’s
out on the lake.
CLAUSES AND SENTENCE
TYPES EXERCISE
PUNCTUATION
O Period—use at the end of a sentence or when abbreviating
The boy walked his dog.
Mr. Jones works at the office.
O Colon—used to list, tell time, or after salutation in a
business letter
Baily collects many things: rocks, stamps,
and cards.
It is 5:45 p.m.
Dear Mrs. Walsh:
O Semicolon—joins two independent clauses without
a coordinating conjunction
He likes apples; she likes oranges.
Also used in a series of words when
there are already commas in the clause
I love Boston, MA; Atlanta, GA; and Miami, FL.
O Underlining/Italicizing
Titles of newspapers, magazines, CD’s,
movies, novels, plays, musical
compositions; names of ships, planes, trains,
and artwork
O Quotation marks
Titles of short stories, poems, songs,
articles, TV shows, episodes, dialogue,
copied words
O Comma
Sets off introductory phrases
After midnight, I get scared.
Joins independent clauses
I hope we win, but we might lose.
Separates appositives
I hope Sally, my friend, can join us.
Separates items in a series
I love pizza, tacos, and ice cream.
Sets off a noun of address
Sam, may I borrow your car?
Separates dates
I was born on Sunday, May 2, 1995.
Separates cities and states
Salt Lake City, Utah
Used with interrupters
You can go, I guess, if you pay the fee.
CAPITALIZATION
O Beginning of every sentence.
O Proper nouns
O Titles:
First and last words
All nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs,
and verbs
Be, Is and Not
Coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS)
Not articles, or prepositions shorter than 5
letters
PUNCTUATION AND
CAPITALIZATION EXERCISES