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The Circulatory System & The Lymphatic System Ms. Edwards The Cardiovascular System • Consists of the heart, blood, and blood vessels. • Carries needed substances to cells and carries waste products from cells. • Contains cells that fight disease (white blood cells or WBCs). Delivering Needed Materials • Blood carries oxygen from your lungs to your body cells. • Blood transports glucose to your cells so they can make energy. Removing Waste Products • Blood takes carbon dioxide wastes from cells to lungs. The Heart • The heart is a hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. • Each time the heart beats it pumps blood through your cardiovascular system. Heart Structure • The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side by the septum. • Atria- upper chambers of the heart • Ventricles- lower chambers of the heart • Pacemaker- group of heart cells that send out signals to make the heart beat. • Valve- flap of tissue that prevents blood from flowing backward. Blood Vessels • Your body has 3 types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries. • Arteries- carry blood away from heart. • Veins- carry blood towards heart. • Capillaries- tiny vessels where substances are exchanged. Two Loops • 1st loop- Blood travels from heart to lungs then back to heart (pulmonary circulation). • 2nd loop- Blood travels from heart to body and back to heart (systemic circulation). • Right side of heart pumps to lungs. • Left side of heart pumps to body. - Food and Energy Loop One- Pulmonary • One drop of blood takes only one minute to make the entire trip around the body! Loop Two- Systemic Arteries • When blood leaves the heart it travels through arteries. • Coronary arteries- branch off aorta and carry blood to heart. • Artery walls are very thick! They have to withstand high pressure from the heart’s pumping. Pulse • Caused by alternating expansion and relaxation of artery walls. • Artery pulses = heartbeats • Layer of muscle in arteries acts as a gate. They can get wider or more narrow depending on body’s blood supply needs. Capillaries • Where materials are exchanged between blood and body’s cells. • Diffusion- when particles move from high to low concentration. Veins • Carry oxygen-poor blood back to heart. • Have thick walls, but not as thick as arteries. Have less pressure from heart’s pumping. • Veins need help! - Skeletal muscles help move blood - Valves- prevent backflow of blood - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels Blood Vessels • The walls of arteries and veins have three layers. The walls of capillaries are only one cell thick. - A Closer Look at Blood Vessels Artery and Vein • In this photo, you can compare the wall of an artery with the wall of a vein. Blood Pressure • Blood exerts a force called blood pressure (BP) against the walls of blood vessels. • Caused by the force of the ventricles contracting. • As blood moves away from heart, blood pressure decreases. • Arteries have higher BP than veins. Measuring Blood Pressure • Sphygmomanometer- measures BP, expressed in millimeters of Mercury • Cuff is wrapped around upper arm until blood flow stops. • Pressure is released and 2 numbers are recorded: 120 80 Systolic (when ventricles contract) Diastolic (when ventricles relax) Blood and Lymph • Blood- has 4 parts: plasma, red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. • Plasma- liquid part of blood. - Water makes up 90% of plasma. - Carries nutrients - Carries chemical messages - Removes wastes - Looks yellow because of proteins Red Blood Cells (RBCs) • RBCs take oxygen in lungs to body. • Thin in center so they can bend easily. • Made mostly of Hemoglobin, which contains iron. • Hemoglobin + oxygen makes cells bright red. • No nuclei = cannot reproduce or repair themselves. • Life span = 120 days. Made in bone marrow. White Blood Cells (WBCs) • Body’s disease fighters. • Fewer WBCs in blood than RBCs. • 1 WBC for every 500 to 1,000 RBCs. • Larger than RBCs. • Have nuclei, Life span = months to years Platelets • Help blood clot. • Fragments of blood cells. • Platelets rush to wound and release chemicals that cause chain reaction. • Fibrin- a protein that forms a net across wound; gives platelets a place to stick. • Scab- dried blood clot on the skin’s surface. - Blood and Lymph Blood • Blood consists of liquid plasma and three kinds of cells—red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood Types • First blood transfusion- performed by Karl Landsteiner in early 1900s. • Four types of blood: - A, B, AB, O • Blood types are determined by marker proteins on red blood cells. • Plasma has clumping proteins (antibodies) that cause foreign markers to clump together. - Blood and Lymph Blood Types • The marker molecules on your red blood cells determine your blood type and the type of blood that you can safely receive in transfusions. • Type 0- Universal Donor; Type AB- Universal Recipient Rh Factor • A marker on RBCs. • 85 % of people have Rh marker (Rh +) • 15 % of people lack Rh marker (Rh -) • If you are Rh - and receive Rh + blood, it will clump and could kill you. Cardiovascular Health • Atherosclerosis- condition in which artery walls thicken as a result of fatty material build-up. • Heart attack- occurs when blood flow to one part of the heart is blocked. • Hypertension- high blood pressure (140/90 mmHg or higher). - Makes the heart work harder. - Limit salt intake Cardiovascular Health • Exercise! • Avoid fatty foods! • Don’t smoke! • Limit salt intake! - Blood and Lymph The Lymphatic System • The lymphatic system is a network of veinlike vessels that returns the fluid to the bloodstream. Lymphatic System • A network of vein-like vessels that return fluid that leaks out of blood vessels back to the bloodstream. • Lymph- fluid in the lymphatic system • Has no pump- lymph moves slowly • Nodes- small knobs of tissue that filter lymph and trap bacteria. Enlarge when you are sick.